Biology 111 Exam 1- TAMU Questions and Answers 100% Correct

Biology 111 Exam 1- TAMU Questions and Answers 100% Correct Domain Archaea - Answer- Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms; have cell walls; reproduce using binary fission (duplication); RNA sequence is most similar to Eukarya; live in extreme environments and therefore do not infect humans; oldest life forms; include methanogens, extreme thermophiles, and extreme halophiles. Domain Bacteria - Answer- Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms; have cell walls; reproduce using binary fission; differ from archaea in environment and materials in cell wall; includes cyanobacteria. Biology - Answer- The scientific study of life and its processes. Biosphere - Answer- "Largest ecosystem"; the Earth from atmosphere to core. Cell - Answer- An organism's basic unit of structure and function; enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between its insides and its surroundings; uses DNA as genetic information. Community - Answer- A set of populations in a given area. Consumer - Answer- A heterotroph; an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them. Controlled Experiment - Answer- An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. Deductive Reasoning - Answer- If...then logic; specific results are predicted from a general premise; general to specific reasoning. DNA - Answer- A nucleic acid molecule; central database of genetic information; determines genes; translated to RNA which makes proteins. Domain Eukarya - Answer- All organisms made up of eukaryotic cells; includes the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and protists. Emergent Properties - Answer- Properties that become apparent as complexity is elevated. Eukaryotic Cell - Answer- Has a "true nucleus," and organelles with membranes; is much larger than the other type of cell. Gene - Answer- A unit of inheritance; determines physical traits. Genome - Answer- The entire genetic library of an organism. Hypothesis - Answer- A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning; narrower in scope than a theory. Inductive Reasoning - Answer- A type of logic in which generalizations are based off a number of specific observations; specific to general. Kingdom Animalia - Answer- A Kingdom of Domain Eukarya; multicellular, includes heterotrophic organisms with no cell wall. Kingdom Fungi - Answer- A Kingdom of Domain Eukarya; members have cell walls made of chitin, decompose organic material to obtain nutrients, and digest food outside themselves using enzymes. Kingdom Plantae - Answer- A Kingdom of Domain Eukarya; members are photosynthetic, have cell walls made of cellulose, and are multicellular. Negative Feedback - Answer- Regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. Organ/Organ System - Answer- Functions as organelles do in cells, serving various purposes in an organism's body. Organelles - Answer- Small, usually membranous; located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Organisms - Answer- Individual living things. Population - Answer- All individuals of a species within a given area. Positive Feedback - Answer- Regulation in which the end product speeds up its own production. Producer - Answer- An autotroph; an organism that obtains organic food molecules using energy from the sun or oxidation of inorganic substances Prokaryotic Cell - Answer- A type of cell lacking organelles and a "true nucleus;" found in unicellular organisms. Reductionism - Answer- An approach of reducing complex systems into simpler compounds that are more manageable to study; has limitations due to emergent properties. Systems Biology - Answer- An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. Methanogens - Answer- Members of Domain Archaea; generate methane; found in deep sea; contribute to natural gas. Extreme Thermophiles - Answer- Members of Domain Archaea; enjoy extreme temperatures; found near geysers, underwater thermal vents, and ice; use sunlight or inorganic materials as an energy source.