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Arnold Gesell
First theorist to observe and document stages of physical development.
Gesell's Maturational Theory
Child's growth & development are influenced by both their environment and genes in
sequential order
Infancy
The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months.
Dozens of motor skills are added.
Early Childhood
The stage of development from 2 - 6 years old. Improvements occur in both fine and
gross motor skills.
Middle Childhood
The stage of development from 6 - 10 years old. Slow but steady gains in weight and
height.
Adolescence
The stage of development from 10 - 18 years old. Weight and height increase rapidly
and puberty begins.
Jean Piaget
Swiss psychologist known for his Theory of Cognitive Development.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Theory that suggests children move through four different stages of development.
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
Sensorimotor Stage
Stage of development from birth to 2 years. Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge
through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Major
development of sensorimotor stage.
Preoperational Stage
Stage of development from 2 to 7 years. Kids learn through pretend play. Egocentric
and struggle to see others perspective.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Popular motivational theory proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Main Idea
Individuals must satisfy a basic series of needs before they can reach their potential.
Maslow's Deficiency Needs
,Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, and Esteem
Maslow's Growth Needs
Cognitive, Aesthetic, Self-Actualization, Transcendence
Maslow's Physiological Need
Biological needs for survival, food, water, shelter
Maslow's Safety Need
Protection from the elements, law and order, financial security, and freedom from fear.
Maslow's Love and Belonging Need
Need for interpersonal relationships - friendships, intimacy, being part of a group.
Maslow's Esteem Need
Self-respect, respect from others, achievement, status, and prestige.
Maslow's Cognitive Need
Curiosity, knowledge, and intellectual exploration
Maslow's Aesthetic Need
Need focuses on the search for and expression of beauty and balance.
Maslow's Self-Actualization Need
Personal growth and fulfillment and the realization of one's personal potential as a
human being.
Maslow's Transcendence Need
Meeting spiritual needs or helping others achieve self-actualization.
Concrete Operational Stage
Stage of development from 7 to 11 years. Logical thought begins, and they understand
the idea of conservation.
A child says, "C," and the dad gives the child a cookie. A child says, "Coo, " and
the dad gives the child a cookie. The child says, "Cook," and the dad gives the
child a cookie. The child says, "Cookie" and the dad gives the child a cookie.
Which of Skinner's key processes for learning language is the father using?
Imitating
Prompting
Shaping
Repetition
Shaping
At what age can children be expected to understand words of order and time and
to use sentences that have more than one action word?
1-2 years
2-3 years
3-4 years
4-5 years
4-5 years
At which stage of language development would a child say, "Nancy thirsty!"?
Holophrastic
Babbling
, Two-word
Telegraphic
Universal grammar
Children between the ages of 3 to 6 years of age can be expected to:
Tell a story
Make jokes or tease others
Express their opinions
Use figurative language
Tell a story
A child says, "C," and the dad gives the child a cookie. A child says, "Coo, " and
the dad gives the child a cookie. The child says, "Cook," and the dad gives the
child a cookie. The child says, "Cookie" and the dad gives the child a cookie.
Which of Skinner's key processes for learning language is the father using?
Imitating
Prompting
Shaping
Repetition
shaping
At what age can children be expected to understand words of order and time and
to use sentences that have more than one action word?
1-2 years
2-3 years
3-4 years
4-5 years
4-5 years
By age 7, children can be expected to:
Tell a story
Make jokes or tease others
Express their opinions
Use figurative language
make jokes or tease others
At what age can a child be expected to understand opposites like go-stop, big-
little, and up-down or to talk about things that are not in the room?
1-2 years
2-3 years
3-4 years
4-5 years
2-3 years
The Holophrastic Stage occurs at what developmental age?
1-2 months of age