NEURAL CONTROL OF SWALLOWING EXAM WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS { GRADED A+}

NEURAL CONTROL OF SWALLOWING

EXAM WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS {

GRADED A+}



swallowing as part of sensory-motor system -✔✔ depends on integration

of:

-pyramidal system

-vestibular-reticular system

-extrapyramidal system

-reflexes

pyramidal system -✔✔ responsible for initiation of all skilled VOLITIONAL

movements

-starts at motor cortex

-considered to be DIRECT system

-2 neuron system

direct pyramidal system -✔✔ synapses occur between cortical neurons

and neurons in brainstem (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)

, corticospinal tract -✔✔ Spinal cord and spinal nerves

corticobulbar tract -✔✔ brainstem and cranial nerves

-upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

-primary motor cortex --> UMN --> brainstem --> LMN --> CN --> muscle

fiber

decussation in the lower medulla in the pyramidal system -✔✔ paralysis

on right side = impairment on the left

-contralateral cortico-spinal tract

corticospinal tract -✔✔ pyramidal decussation in lower medulla

corticobulbar tract pathway -✔✔ internal capsule --> brainstem --> CN -->

specific muscles = volitional movements

-reflexive = ALL brainstem

how does the primary motor cortex know that movement is correct -✔✔

sensation

-from primary sensory cortex

vestibular-reticular system -✔✔ responsible for balance, orientation of

body in space, maintaining alertness/attention and coordination of muscles

group

-includes neurons in the brainstem and cerebellum