Bio 2024 final
Mutation
A change in DNA
Point mutation
Single base change on a chromosome
Silent mutation
Mutation not altering amino acid sequence
Missense mutation
Mutation changing a single amino acid
Nonsense mutation
Mutation changing a regular codon to a stop codon
Frameshift mutation
Addition or deletion causing sequence shift
Insertion
Adding a base in a sequence
Deletion
Removing a base from a sequence
DNA to Phenotype stages
DNA --> Transcription --> RNA --> RNA editing --> Translation --> Protein --> Phenotype
Codon
Group of 3 bases on RNA matched by anti-codon
Anti-codon
Codon with bases matching regular codon on RNA
Wobble effect
3rd base of codon/anti-codon affecting tRNA binding
Redundancy of genetic code
Due to wobble effect, amino acids are used more
Protein structure levels
Primary: chain of amino acids; Secondary: partial folding; Tertiary: fully folded, functional
, RNA processing
Splicing removes introns, leaves exons; UTRs do not code; Terminator stops RNA synthesis
UTR
Untranslated regions at RNA ends
Terminator
Stops RNA polymerase, ends RNA synthesis
TATA box
DNA region opened for RNA synthesis (consensus sequence TATAAT)
Photosystems
Clumps of pigment in photosynthesis to absorb light
ETC
Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration and photosynthesis
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that converts ADP to ATP using proton flow
Cristae
Folded inner membrane of mitochondria for ETC and ATP production
Redox Reactions
Reduction and oxidation reactions involving electron transfer
NADP
Molecule that accepts electrons to form NADPH in photosynthesis
Reduction Reactions
Molecule gains electrons and protons, increasing negative charge
Oxidation
Molecule loses electrons, increasing positive charge
ATP
Energy molecule storing energy between 2nd and 3rd bonds
Photosystem 2
Photosystem before Photosystem 1 in photosynthesis
Mutation
A change in DNA
Point mutation
Single base change on a chromosome
Silent mutation
Mutation not altering amino acid sequence
Missense mutation
Mutation changing a single amino acid
Nonsense mutation
Mutation changing a regular codon to a stop codon
Frameshift mutation
Addition or deletion causing sequence shift
Insertion
Adding a base in a sequence
Deletion
Removing a base from a sequence
DNA to Phenotype stages
DNA --> Transcription --> RNA --> RNA editing --> Translation --> Protein --> Phenotype
Codon
Group of 3 bases on RNA matched by anti-codon
Anti-codon
Codon with bases matching regular codon on RNA
Wobble effect
3rd base of codon/anti-codon affecting tRNA binding
Redundancy of genetic code
Due to wobble effect, amino acids are used more
Protein structure levels
Primary: chain of amino acids; Secondary: partial folding; Tertiary: fully folded, functional
, RNA processing
Splicing removes introns, leaves exons; UTRs do not code; Terminator stops RNA synthesis
UTR
Untranslated regions at RNA ends
Terminator
Stops RNA polymerase, ends RNA synthesis
TATA box
DNA region opened for RNA synthesis (consensus sequence TATAAT)
Photosystems
Clumps of pigment in photosynthesis to absorb light
ETC
Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration and photosynthesis
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that converts ADP to ATP using proton flow
Cristae
Folded inner membrane of mitochondria for ETC and ATP production
Redox Reactions
Reduction and oxidation reactions involving electron transfer
NADP
Molecule that accepts electrons to form NADPH in photosynthesis
Reduction Reactions
Molecule gains electrons and protons, increasing negative charge
Oxidation
Molecule loses electrons, increasing positive charge
ATP
Energy molecule storing energy between 2nd and 3rd bonds
Photosystem 2
Photosystem before Photosystem 1 in photosynthesis
