Bios255 Comprehensive Exam Verified Answers
2024
Function of nervous system
-Control of body's internal environment to maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
Positive & negative feedback
A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even
greater change in the same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms
to reverse that change.
The name of the joint in the ankle
talocrural joint
characteristics of epithelial tissue
cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration
Properties of synovial joints
*Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments*
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant between the
bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
3 protein fibers in connective tissues
collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
chondroitin sulfate
provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
Sacrum— illium
answer
Keratin
A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
Sweat glands location and function
Eccrine glands: help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Smaller
glands and excretes on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks)
Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit, groin, nipple area)
Hard palate bone
, -formed by maxilla and palatine bones
The shaft of the bone is called
End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
Articular process of bone
limits rotation
What happens during osteoclasts
Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
5 steps of endochondral ossification
1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
Steps that occur during muscle contraction
1)Action potential generated, which stimulates muscle
2)Ca2+ released
3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires ATP)
5)Muscle contracts
6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites
7)Muscle contraction stops
action potential triggering
-occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.
1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.
2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV or threshold)
This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into cell
3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane potential
considerably (up to +30mV)
muscle stimulation
A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles.
Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called
an action potential, travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.
What does a synergistic muscle do
also called fixators, act around a joint to help the action of an agonist muscle. (iliacus, psoas major,
and rectus femoris)
2024
Function of nervous system
-Control of body's internal environment to maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
Positive & negative feedback
A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even
greater change in the same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms
to reverse that change.
The name of the joint in the ankle
talocrural joint
characteristics of epithelial tissue
cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration
Properties of synovial joints
*Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments*
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant between the
bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
3 protein fibers in connective tissues
collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
chondroitin sulfate
provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
Sacrum— illium
answer
Keratin
A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
Sweat glands location and function
Eccrine glands: help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Smaller
glands and excretes on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks)
Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit, groin, nipple area)
Hard palate bone
, -formed by maxilla and palatine bones
The shaft of the bone is called
End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
Articular process of bone
limits rotation
What happens during osteoclasts
Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
5 steps of endochondral ossification
1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle
Sarcomere
Steps that occur during muscle contraction
1)Action potential generated, which stimulates muscle
2)Ca2+ released
3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires ATP)
5)Muscle contracts
6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites
7)Muscle contraction stops
action potential triggering
-occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.
1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.
2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV or threshold)
This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into cell
3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane potential
considerably (up to +30mV)
muscle stimulation
A Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles.
Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called
an action potential, travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.
What does a synergistic muscle do
also called fixators, act around a joint to help the action of an agonist muscle. (iliacus, psoas major,
and rectus femoris)
