PSY4761 -
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSSTOORNISSEN
TAKEN + COLLEGES
Volledige samenvatting
,Inhoudsopgave
Taak 1: classificatie van persoonlijkheidsstoornissen......................................................................................6
, Leerdoel 1: What are personality disorders? What are important features (e.g. 3 P’s, 3 custers, ego-syntonic,
polythetical classification)?..................................................................................................................................7
Leerdoel 2: Classification of personality disorders? How does the DSM classify personality disorders?............7
Leerdoel 3: What is the evidence for the role of genetic versus environmental factors in the etiology of
personality disorders?........................................................................................................................................12
Leerdoel 4: How can personality disorders be understood from a cognitive perspective?...............................16
Leerdoel 5: How can personality disorders be understood from a developmental attachment perspective?. .23
Leerdoel 6: What are the cognitive and emotional attitudes of mental healthcare provides (psychiatrists,
psychologists and nurses) towards individuals with a personality disorder diagnosis?....................................25
Taak 2: Avoidant and dependent PD............................................................................................................ 28
Leerdoel 1: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of avoidant PD?......................................................28
Leerdoel 2: Can Avoidant PD be differentiated from Social Phobia and other anxiety disorders?....................30
Leerdoel 3: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder?.............32
3.2 How can we understand Avoidant PD from an interpersonal view?......................................................38
Leerdoel 4: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Dependent PD?...................................................40
Leerdoel 5: Is Dependent PD better defined as a syndrome of incompetence or insecure attachment? (In
other words, do people with Dependent PD have difficulty feeling that they can handle everyday practical
problems and situations, which is why they depend excessively on others? Or are they emotionally needy,
and thus drawn to people who will take care of them emotionally?)...............................................................41
5.1 Do the DSM criteria adequately assess the entire spectrum of dependent traits?................................42
Leerdoel 6: Think about the role of culture for dependency. Is dependency per se unhealthy?........................45
Leerdoel 7: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder? ............47
7.1 How can we understand Dependent PD from a cognitive (information processing), psychodynamic
and interpersonal perspective?.....................................................................................................................47
Leerdoel 8: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Obsessive-Compulsive PD?...........................50
Leerdoel 9: How can you differentiate between obsessions, compulsions and obsessive personality traits?
How can they be distinguished in practice?.......................................................................................................51
Leerdoel 10: What is the relationship between Obsessive-Compulsive PD and Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder? Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits necessary or sufficient to develop OCD?...............52
Leerdoel 11: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder? What
are cognitive (information processing) explanations for Obsessive-Compulsive PD?.......................................54
Leerdoel 12: What is the role of obsessive-compulsive traits in workaholism?...........................................58
Taak 3: CLuster A......................................................................................................................................... 64
Leerdoel 1: What is the clinical picture (pheomenology) of Cluster A PD’s?.....................................................64
Leerdoel 2: How do cluster A PD’s relate to the schizophrenia-spectrum.........................................................71
, L2.1 What does the schizophrenia spectrum entail? How do schizotypy, STPD and schizophrenia relate to
each other and how can they put on the spectrum......................................................................................71
L2.2 What is the genetic relationship between STPD and schizophrenia?........................................................75
L2.3 How do schizophrenia and STPD develop during the course of life?..........................................................77
L2.4 Of which cluster of traits does STPD exist and how does this relate to schizophrenia?............................78
Leerdoel 3: How is schizotypy linked to creativity..............................................................................................83
Leerdoel 4: What is known about the link between schizoid traits and suicide attempts?...............................87
Leerdoel 5: What are some of the developmental precursors of paranoid PD?................................................90
College: Cluster A......................................................................................................................................... 93
Taak 4: Historionisch en narcistisch...................................................................................................................95
Leerdoel 1: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Histrionic PD?.....................................................95
Leerdoel 2: How does cognitive theory explain the nature of causes of Histrionic PD?....................................97
Leerdoel 3: What is known about differences between explicit and implicit levels of decency in Histrionic PD?
............................................................................................................................................................................98
Leerdoel 4: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of the Narcissistic PD?........................................100
Leerdoel 5: What is the role of culture for Narcissistic PD? It has been said that we (in Western societies) live
in a ‘culture of narcissism’. What is meant by this term? How might our culture encourage the development
of narcissistic traits?.........................................................................................................................................102
Leerdoel 6: Are there multiple types of narcissists?.........................................................................................104
Leerdoel 7: Is there a difference between levels of explicit and implicit self-esteem in narcissistic individuals?
..........................................................................................................................................................................107
Leerdoel 8: How is Narcissistic PD linked to aggression?.............................................................................109
Leerdoel 9: What is meant by the term, ‘narcissistic vulnerability?’ What role might narcissistic vulnerability
play in the development of stress-related disorders?......................................................................................115
Taak 5: Borderline...................................................................................................................................... 117
Learning goal 1: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Borderline PD?.........................................117
Learning goal 2: What is the empirical evidence for the relation between emotional responding and
Borderling PD?..................................................................................................................................................120
Learning goal 3: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder?...125
L3.1: What are the kinds of neurological abnormalities found in Borderline PD?...........................................126
L3.2 What is the role of childhood trauma in Borderline PD?..........................................................................129
Learning goal 4: What are some of the major etiological theories of the development of Borderline PD,
according to authors such as Marsha Linehan, Otto Kernberg and Jeffrey Young?........................................130
Learning goal 5: What is known about cognition and information processing in Borderline PD (i.e. distorted
beliefs, cognitive biases and dichotomous thinking)?......................................................................................138
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSSTOORNISSEN
TAKEN + COLLEGES
Volledige samenvatting
,Inhoudsopgave
Taak 1: classificatie van persoonlijkheidsstoornissen......................................................................................6
, Leerdoel 1: What are personality disorders? What are important features (e.g. 3 P’s, 3 custers, ego-syntonic,
polythetical classification)?..................................................................................................................................7
Leerdoel 2: Classification of personality disorders? How does the DSM classify personality disorders?............7
Leerdoel 3: What is the evidence for the role of genetic versus environmental factors in the etiology of
personality disorders?........................................................................................................................................12
Leerdoel 4: How can personality disorders be understood from a cognitive perspective?...............................16
Leerdoel 5: How can personality disorders be understood from a developmental attachment perspective?. .23
Leerdoel 6: What are the cognitive and emotional attitudes of mental healthcare provides (psychiatrists,
psychologists and nurses) towards individuals with a personality disorder diagnosis?....................................25
Taak 2: Avoidant and dependent PD............................................................................................................ 28
Leerdoel 1: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of avoidant PD?......................................................28
Leerdoel 2: Can Avoidant PD be differentiated from Social Phobia and other anxiety disorders?....................30
Leerdoel 3: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder?.............32
3.2 How can we understand Avoidant PD from an interpersonal view?......................................................38
Leerdoel 4: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Dependent PD?...................................................40
Leerdoel 5: Is Dependent PD better defined as a syndrome of incompetence or insecure attachment? (In
other words, do people with Dependent PD have difficulty feeling that they can handle everyday practical
problems and situations, which is why they depend excessively on others? Or are they emotionally needy,
and thus drawn to people who will take care of them emotionally?)...............................................................41
5.1 Do the DSM criteria adequately assess the entire spectrum of dependent traits?................................42
Leerdoel 6: Think about the role of culture for dependency. Is dependency per se unhealthy?........................45
Leerdoel 7: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder? ............47
7.1 How can we understand Dependent PD from a cognitive (information processing), psychodynamic
and interpersonal perspective?.....................................................................................................................47
Leerdoel 8: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Obsessive-Compulsive PD?...........................50
Leerdoel 9: How can you differentiate between obsessions, compulsions and obsessive personality traits?
How can they be distinguished in practice?.......................................................................................................51
Leerdoel 10: What is the relationship between Obsessive-Compulsive PD and Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder? Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits necessary or sufficient to develop OCD?...............52
Leerdoel 11: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder? What
are cognitive (information processing) explanations for Obsessive-Compulsive PD?.......................................54
Leerdoel 12: What is the role of obsessive-compulsive traits in workaholism?...........................................58
Taak 3: CLuster A......................................................................................................................................... 64
Leerdoel 1: What is the clinical picture (pheomenology) of Cluster A PD’s?.....................................................64
Leerdoel 2: How do cluster A PD’s relate to the schizophrenia-spectrum.........................................................71
, L2.1 What does the schizophrenia spectrum entail? How do schizotypy, STPD and schizophrenia relate to
each other and how can they put on the spectrum......................................................................................71
L2.2 What is the genetic relationship between STPD and schizophrenia?........................................................75
L2.3 How do schizophrenia and STPD develop during the course of life?..........................................................77
L2.4 Of which cluster of traits does STPD exist and how does this relate to schizophrenia?............................78
Leerdoel 3: How is schizotypy linked to creativity..............................................................................................83
Leerdoel 4: What is known about the link between schizoid traits and suicide attempts?...............................87
Leerdoel 5: What are some of the developmental precursors of paranoid PD?................................................90
College: Cluster A......................................................................................................................................... 93
Taak 4: Historionisch en narcistisch...................................................................................................................95
Leerdoel 1: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Histrionic PD?.....................................................95
Leerdoel 2: How does cognitive theory explain the nature of causes of Histrionic PD?....................................97
Leerdoel 3: What is known about differences between explicit and implicit levels of decency in Histrionic PD?
............................................................................................................................................................................98
Leerdoel 4: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of the Narcissistic PD?........................................100
Leerdoel 5: What is the role of culture for Narcissistic PD? It has been said that we (in Western societies) live
in a ‘culture of narcissism’. What is meant by this term? How might our culture encourage the development
of narcissistic traits?.........................................................................................................................................102
Leerdoel 6: Are there multiple types of narcissists?.........................................................................................104
Leerdoel 7: Is there a difference between levels of explicit and implicit self-esteem in narcissistic individuals?
..........................................................................................................................................................................107
Leerdoel 8: How is Narcissistic PD linked to aggression?.............................................................................109
Leerdoel 9: What is meant by the term, ‘narcissistic vulnerability?’ What role might narcissistic vulnerability
play in the development of stress-related disorders?......................................................................................115
Taak 5: Borderline...................................................................................................................................... 117
Learning goal 1: What is the clinical picture (phenomenology) of Borderline PD?.........................................117
Learning goal 2: What is the empirical evidence for the relation between emotional responding and
Borderling PD?..................................................................................................................................................120
Learning goal 3: How might different etiological theories explain the nature and causes of the disorder?...125
L3.1: What are the kinds of neurological abnormalities found in Borderline PD?...........................................126
L3.2 What is the role of childhood trauma in Borderline PD?..........................................................................129
Learning goal 4: What are some of the major etiological theories of the development of Borderline PD,
according to authors such as Marsha Linehan, Otto Kernberg and Jeffrey Young?........................................130
Learning goal 5: What is known about cognition and information processing in Borderline PD (i.e. distorted
beliefs, cognitive biases and dichotomous thinking)?......................................................................................138
