I HUMAN THE LUNGS AND THE CHEST
WALLThorax and Lungs GRADED A+
2023/2024
What is the mediastinum? - ANSWER-The space between the lungs containing the heart, aorta,
esophagus, great veins (superior and inferior vena cavae), trachea, and mainstem bronchi
What is the major muscle of ventilation? - ANSWER-The diaphragm
What's special about the innervation of the Diaphragm? - ANSWER-The diaphragm consists of two
distinct, separately innervated muscles - The left and right hemidiaphragms
Why is the left diaphragm surface slightly lower than the right hemidiaphragm surface? - ANSWER-(1)
The heart rests on the left half of the diaphragm, pushing it downward
(2) The liver is crowded into the abdominal cavity directly below the right half of the diaphragm,
propping up this area
How do Arteries, veins, and the main bronchi penetrate the lung's Mediastinal surface? - ANSWER-They
penetrate is through the Hilum.
This can be thought of as the lung's "Root"
What is the tongue-shaped anatomical counterpart of the middle lobe of the right lung? - ANSWER-The
Lingula is!
The visceral pleura, attached to the lung's surface, doubles back on itself at the hilar region to form the
________ _____ - ANSWER-Parietal Pleura.
The potential space between the 2 pleural membranes is called the pleural space.
,I HUMAN THE LUNGS AND THE CHEST
WALLThorax and Lungs GRADED A+
2023/2024
Intrapleural pressure (pressure between the pleural membranes) is below atmospheric pressure during
normal breathing because... - ANSWER-Because the chest wall and lung recoil or pull in opposite
directions, creating a vacuum inside the sealed pleural space
If the pleural membranes become inflamed by disease, fluid may form in the pleural space, creating
what is called a.... - ANSWER-Pleural effusion; in such situations, fluid settles into the costophrenic
recess of the pleural space, blunting the normally sharp angles of the costophrenic junctions as seen on
a chest X-ray image.
How can the fluid in a pleural effusion be removed? - ANSWER-It can be removed with a syringe and
large gauge needle (Thoracentesis) or by surgically inserting a chest tube into the pleural cavity; several
liters of fluid can collect in the pleural space, which compresses the lung and restricts its expansion
The metabolic requirements of the lung are met by two separate blood supplies --- - ANSWER-The
pulmonary and systemic circulations
Where does the pulmonary circulation originates from? - ANSWER-the right ventricle of the heart as the
pulmonary artery and carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to be reoxygenated.
What do pulmonary veins do? - ANSWER-They take O2-rich blood back to the left atrium
The lung's systemic blood supply, the bronchial circulation, arises from the ____, and it supplies what? -
ANSWER-It arises from the aorta, and supplies the airway walls from the major bronchi down to the
respiratory bronchioles
In contrast to the pulmonary circulation, what is only a small fraction of the cardiac output? - ANSWER-
The Bronchial systemic circulation
In regards to the Bronchial systemic circulation; On leaving the capillaries, this oxygen-poor blood takes
at least two different courses: - ANSWER-(1) one-third to one-fourth of it is channeled into the true
bronchial veins into the azygos vein and then into the heart's right atrium
, I HUMAN THE LUNGS AND THE CHEST
WALLThorax and Lungs GRADED A+
2023/2024
(2) the remaining two-thirds to three-fourths of it drains directly into the pulmonary veins, mixing
oxygen-poor bronchial venous blood directly with the freshly oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins
The vascular connections between bronchial and pulmonary circulations are called... - ANSWER-
Bronchopulmonary-arterial anastomoses
Which constitute part of the normal "anatomical shunt" found in the pulmonary circulation
What does shunting refer to? - ANSWER-The mixing of unoxygenated blood with oxygenated blood
This normal anatomical shunting means that the systemic arterial blood... - ANSWER-can never have the
same partial pressure of oxygen as alveolar gas; this gives rise to the normal P(A-a)O2 (Alveolar-to-
arterial Oxygen Pressure Difference)
What is lymph? where is it found? - ANSWER-It is a clear, protein-containing fluid found in the interstitial
spaces of the body
The involuntary smooth airway muscle of the lung is innervated entirely by what nervous system? -
ANSWER-By the autonomic nervous system
What are the 2 main nervous systems? - ANSWER-The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral
nervous system
What does the CNS consist of? - ANSWER-brain and spinal cord
What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of? - ANSWER-Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Autonomic nervous system
WALLThorax and Lungs GRADED A+
2023/2024
What is the mediastinum? - ANSWER-The space between the lungs containing the heart, aorta,
esophagus, great veins (superior and inferior vena cavae), trachea, and mainstem bronchi
What is the major muscle of ventilation? - ANSWER-The diaphragm
What's special about the innervation of the Diaphragm? - ANSWER-The diaphragm consists of two
distinct, separately innervated muscles - The left and right hemidiaphragms
Why is the left diaphragm surface slightly lower than the right hemidiaphragm surface? - ANSWER-(1)
The heart rests on the left half of the diaphragm, pushing it downward
(2) The liver is crowded into the abdominal cavity directly below the right half of the diaphragm,
propping up this area
How do Arteries, veins, and the main bronchi penetrate the lung's Mediastinal surface? - ANSWER-They
penetrate is through the Hilum.
This can be thought of as the lung's "Root"
What is the tongue-shaped anatomical counterpart of the middle lobe of the right lung? - ANSWER-The
Lingula is!
The visceral pleura, attached to the lung's surface, doubles back on itself at the hilar region to form the
________ _____ - ANSWER-Parietal Pleura.
The potential space between the 2 pleural membranes is called the pleural space.
,I HUMAN THE LUNGS AND THE CHEST
WALLThorax and Lungs GRADED A+
2023/2024
Intrapleural pressure (pressure between the pleural membranes) is below atmospheric pressure during
normal breathing because... - ANSWER-Because the chest wall and lung recoil or pull in opposite
directions, creating a vacuum inside the sealed pleural space
If the pleural membranes become inflamed by disease, fluid may form in the pleural space, creating
what is called a.... - ANSWER-Pleural effusion; in such situations, fluid settles into the costophrenic
recess of the pleural space, blunting the normally sharp angles of the costophrenic junctions as seen on
a chest X-ray image.
How can the fluid in a pleural effusion be removed? - ANSWER-It can be removed with a syringe and
large gauge needle (Thoracentesis) or by surgically inserting a chest tube into the pleural cavity; several
liters of fluid can collect in the pleural space, which compresses the lung and restricts its expansion
The metabolic requirements of the lung are met by two separate blood supplies --- - ANSWER-The
pulmonary and systemic circulations
Where does the pulmonary circulation originates from? - ANSWER-the right ventricle of the heart as the
pulmonary artery and carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to be reoxygenated.
What do pulmonary veins do? - ANSWER-They take O2-rich blood back to the left atrium
The lung's systemic blood supply, the bronchial circulation, arises from the ____, and it supplies what? -
ANSWER-It arises from the aorta, and supplies the airway walls from the major bronchi down to the
respiratory bronchioles
In contrast to the pulmonary circulation, what is only a small fraction of the cardiac output? - ANSWER-
The Bronchial systemic circulation
In regards to the Bronchial systemic circulation; On leaving the capillaries, this oxygen-poor blood takes
at least two different courses: - ANSWER-(1) one-third to one-fourth of it is channeled into the true
bronchial veins into the azygos vein and then into the heart's right atrium
, I HUMAN THE LUNGS AND THE CHEST
WALLThorax and Lungs GRADED A+
2023/2024
(2) the remaining two-thirds to three-fourths of it drains directly into the pulmonary veins, mixing
oxygen-poor bronchial venous blood directly with the freshly oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins
The vascular connections between bronchial and pulmonary circulations are called... - ANSWER-
Bronchopulmonary-arterial anastomoses
Which constitute part of the normal "anatomical shunt" found in the pulmonary circulation
What does shunting refer to? - ANSWER-The mixing of unoxygenated blood with oxygenated blood
This normal anatomical shunting means that the systemic arterial blood... - ANSWER-can never have the
same partial pressure of oxygen as alveolar gas; this gives rise to the normal P(A-a)O2 (Alveolar-to-
arterial Oxygen Pressure Difference)
What is lymph? where is it found? - ANSWER-It is a clear, protein-containing fluid found in the interstitial
spaces of the body
The involuntary smooth airway muscle of the lung is innervated entirely by what nervous system? -
ANSWER-By the autonomic nervous system
What are the 2 main nervous systems? - ANSWER-The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral
nervous system
What does the CNS consist of? - ANSWER-brain and spinal cord
What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of? - ANSWER-Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
Autonomic nervous system
