PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024 LATEST QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS UPDATED
Stress
the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation, called a
stressor - a type of stimulus - strains our ability to cope effectively
Stress response
People's psychological and physical reactions to stressful circumstances.
Corticosteroids
A group of hormones, including cortisol, is released by the adrenal glands at times of
stress to help prepare us for stressful circumstances
Stressors and appraisals
Stressors are from traumatic events that are so severe they can produce long-term
psychological or health consequences
Appraisals is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations
(appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people.
primary appraisal- initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful.
secondary appraisal- perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows
primary appr.
Coping mechanisms
patterns of behavior used to neutralize, deny, or counteract anxiety
The Social Readjustment Scale
-Questionnaire based on 43 life events ranked in terms of their stressfulness as rated by
the participants
-Scored by adding the questions to the right of each item experienced over the
proceeding year.
Validity issues
, -The sheer number of stressful life events is far from a perfect predictor of who'll
become physically or psychologically ill
-Doesn't consider other crucial factors such as ongoing stressors that many individuals
experience
The Daily Hassel's Approach
Hassles- minor nuisances that strain our ability to cope
Hassles scale- measures how stressful events are, ranging from small annoyances to
major daily pressures
Frequency and perceived severity of hassles are actually better predictors of physical
health and depression/anxiety than major life events
3 Ways Stress Can Be Viewed
1) as stimuli- identifying different types of stressful events, ranging from job loss to
combat.
2)as transactions- people's varied reactions to the same event suggest we can view
stress as a transaction between people and their environments
3) as responses- tend and befriend-reaction that mobilizes people to nurture(tend) or
seek social support(befriend) under stress.
Han's Selye- The Stress- Response Cycle(alarm response/reaction phase)
General adaptation syndrome(GAS)-stress response pattern proposed by Selye that
consists of 3 types:
1)alarm
2)resistance
3)exhaustion
-excitation of the automatic nervous system- discharge of the stress hormone
-seat of anxiety within the limbic system
The reaction phase is the fight or flight response- a physical or psychological reaction
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS UPDATED
Stress
the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation, called a
stressor - a type of stimulus - strains our ability to cope effectively
Stress response
People's psychological and physical reactions to stressful circumstances.
Corticosteroids
A group of hormones, including cortisol, is released by the adrenal glands at times of
stress to help prepare us for stressful circumstances
Stressors and appraisals
Stressors are from traumatic events that are so severe they can produce long-term
psychological or health consequences
Appraisals is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations
(appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people.
primary appraisal- initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful.
secondary appraisal- perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows
primary appr.
Coping mechanisms
patterns of behavior used to neutralize, deny, or counteract anxiety
The Social Readjustment Scale
-Questionnaire based on 43 life events ranked in terms of their stressfulness as rated by
the participants
-Scored by adding the questions to the right of each item experienced over the
proceeding year.
Validity issues
, -The sheer number of stressful life events is far from a perfect predictor of who'll
become physically or psychologically ill
-Doesn't consider other crucial factors such as ongoing stressors that many individuals
experience
The Daily Hassel's Approach
Hassles- minor nuisances that strain our ability to cope
Hassles scale- measures how stressful events are, ranging from small annoyances to
major daily pressures
Frequency and perceived severity of hassles are actually better predictors of physical
health and depression/anxiety than major life events
3 Ways Stress Can Be Viewed
1) as stimuli- identifying different types of stressful events, ranging from job loss to
combat.
2)as transactions- people's varied reactions to the same event suggest we can view
stress as a transaction between people and their environments
3) as responses- tend and befriend-reaction that mobilizes people to nurture(tend) or
seek social support(befriend) under stress.
Han's Selye- The Stress- Response Cycle(alarm response/reaction phase)
General adaptation syndrome(GAS)-stress response pattern proposed by Selye that
consists of 3 types:
1)alarm
2)resistance
3)exhaustion
-excitation of the automatic nervous system- discharge of the stress hormone
-seat of anxiety within the limbic system
The reaction phase is the fight or flight response- a physical or psychological reaction
