CogSci 1B Final Exam State Board Exam Questions and Answers 2024

CogSci 1B Final Exam State Board Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Early models of visual perception - CORRECT ANSWER-- Focused on top-down analysis and included relatively little discussion of neural implementation - Only in the 1980s with the emergence of functional neuroimaging that cognitive scientists started studying what goes on in the brain when people are actually performing different types of cognitive tasks - Also, an early move in this direction came with Ungerleider and Mishkin's two visual systems hypothesis (1982) Two Pathways of Visual Perception: The two visual systems hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-- Formed from experiments on monkeys in which different parts of their brain were selectively removed - Holds that there are two pathways of visual processing: 1. Dorsal stream 2. Ventral stream Dorsal stream - CORRECT ANSWER-A system of interconnected regions of the visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the posterior parietal cortex Ventral stream - CORRECT ANSWER-A system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the inferior temporal cortex Marr's tri-level hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER-- David Marr's tri-level hypothesis of information processing emphasized the importance of understanding how cognitive processes are implemented in the brain - Hypothesis holds that mental or artificial information-processing events can be evaluated on three different levels 1. Computational level: Highest, most abstract level What does the problem entail, i.e., what output is the system trying to get? What is the purpose or reason for the process? 2. Algorithmic level: Programming level What information-processing steps are being used to solve the problem? 3. Implementation level: Lowest level Where is the hardware that is being used? How can the representations and algorithms be realized physically? Hierarchical organization of visual processing - CORRECT ANSWER-- Marr's own work on vision contains relatively little discussion of neural implementation - However, subsequent research on the mammalian visual system indicates that information in the visual cortex is in fact processed hierarchically. - Information flows through a progression of different areas, each of which generates a representation of increasing complexity Marr's model of visual processing - CORRECT ANSWER-- Marr developed a theory of visual processing that was built on a hierarchy of different levels for studying cognition - System has to take a complex pattern of unstructured stimuli in the visual field and interpret them into representations that can then serve as input to more