NUR 242 EXAM 3 ACTUAL EXAM 180
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ (LATEST 2024)
WALDEN UNIVERSITY
What is ventilation? - ANSWER>>the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER>>the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER>>increased H+ in the
brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER>>decreased pH;
increased PaCO2; decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER>>lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER>>surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER>>opposition to flow caused by the forces of
friction; primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER>>ease with which the lungs can be
inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER>>neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER>>elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - ANSWER>>complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces
surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
,What produces surfactant? - ANSWER>>produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER>>velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER>>resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x
radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER>>the resistance goes
up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER>>the top of the lungs are
more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER>>lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER>>vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER>>pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER>>capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas; distance for
diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER>>acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER>>alkalemia; hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER>>deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
, respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by
increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER>>greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER>>increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER>>dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER>>respiratory acidosis (decreased
pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER>>subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER>>decreased sense of wellness which may
cause psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER>>lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER>>cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER>>cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum); hoarseness; chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER>>squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%); adenocarcinoma (20-40%); small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+ (LATEST 2024)
WALDEN UNIVERSITY
What is ventilation? - ANSWER>>the movement of air into and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER>>the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER>>increased H+ in the
brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER>>decreased pH;
increased PaCO2; decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER>>lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER>>surface tension due to water-air interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER>>opposition to flow caused by the forces of
friction; primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER>>ease with which the lungs can be
inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER>>neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER>>elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
What is surfactant? - ANSWER>>complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins which reduces
surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
,What produces surfactant? - ANSWER>>produced by the Type II alveolar cells
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER>>velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER>>resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x
radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER>>the resistance goes
up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER>>the top of the lungs are
more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly
compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER>>lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER>>vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER>>pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER>>capillary permeability;
surface area available for diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas; distance for
diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER>>acidemia;
hyperthermia;
hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER>>alkalemia; hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER>>deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
, respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER>>decreased tissue oxygen caused by
increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER>>greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER>>increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER>>dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations;
agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis; tachypnea;
tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy; confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER>>respiratory acidosis (decreased
pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER>>subjective feeling of being SOB
What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER>>decreased sense of wellness which may
cause psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER>>lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER>>cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER>>cough, hemoptysis (blood in
cough sputum); hoarseness; chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER>>squamous cell lung
carcinoma (25-40%); adenocarcinoma (20-40%); small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
