8. Circulation
Circulation:- The constant and rhythmic flow of blood in a particular direction through a closed blood
Vessels for distribution of metabolites is called circulation
Q. Define circulatory system, mention its types. (2M)
- The system in which blood is circulated throughout the body is called circulatory system.
Types:- Two types-
a) Open circulatory system b) Closed circulatory system
Closed circulatory system was discovered by William Harvey. (1628)
Q. Distinguish between open circulation and closed circulation.
Open circulation Closed circulation
i. Blood is circulated through the body i. Blood is circulated through a network of blood
cavities.(Haemocoel) vessels.
ii. Visceral organs lie in the blood filled body ii. cells and tissues are not directly contact with
cavity. blood.
iii. Exchange of material takes place directly iii. Exchange of material between blood and tissue
between blood and tissue of the body. between intermediate fluid called lymph.
iv. Blood flow with low blood pressure. iv. Blood flow with high blood pressure .
v. Respiratory pigment haemoglobin is absent. v. respiratory pigment haemoglobin are present.
vi. Does not transport respiratory gases. vi.transport respiratory gases.
vii. e.g. Arthropods (Cockroach) and Molluscs vii. e.g. All vertebrate, higher molluscs & Annelids
Circulatory system in Human:
The human circulatory is composed of blood vascular system and Lymphatic system.
Blood vascular system-
In human it consists of A) Blood B) Heart C) Blood vessels
Blood:–
Blood composition and coagulation
Q. What is blood? (1M)
- i. Blood is the main circulatory fluid of the human body.
ii. It is red coloured fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm.
iii. It is slightly alkaline (pH 7.4) salty, viscous fluid and heavier than water. [What is pH of blood? (1M)]
iv. About 5-6 lit. blood (8 % body wt.) present in body.
v. Study of blood is called haematology. [What is haematology? (1M)]
vi. It has two main components – Fluid plasma (55%) and formed elements i.e. Blood cells (45%)
Blood
Plasma (55%) Blood cells OR formed element (45%)
RBCs/ Erythrocytes WBCs/ Leucocytes Platelets/ Thrombocytes
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Acidophils Basophils Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
1
,Q. What is Plasma?
i. Blood without blood cells called plasma.
ii. Plasma form 55% of blood.
iii. It is straw coloured, slightly alkaline, viscous fluid.
iv. It contain of 90% water, 7-8% plasma proteins are serum albumin, serum globulin,
Properdin, heparin, fibrinogen and prothrombin. [Enlist the proteins present in plasma. (1M)]
v. Remaining 1-2% includes nutrients Food (Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, triglycerides),
Nitrogenous waste (Urea, Uric acid, creatinine) gases (O2, CO2, N2) hormones, enzymes, vitamins
and inorganic sub. (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cl- etc)
B) Formed elements / Blood cells:–
i. the blood cells that are produced in the body are collectively called formed elements.
ii. There are 3 types of formed elements / blood cells.
A) Erythrocytes (RBCs) B) Leucocytes (WBCs) C) Platelets (Thrombocytes)
A) RBCs / Erythrocytes
Q. Write note on Erythrocytes / RBCs
-i. RBCs are most abundant in the human body.
ii. They are circular, biconcave, and non nucleated cells
(nucleated in camel and Llama ).
iii. Total number of RBCs is 5.1- 5.8 million / mm3 of blood
in adult male and 4.3- 5.2 million / mm3 in adult Female.
iv. The process of Formation of RBCs is called erythropoiesis. [What is erythropoiesis? (1M)]
v. They are produced in red bone marrow in adult, and in foetus it occurs in liver and spleen.
vi. They are produced from haemocytoblast / reticulocytes.
vii. The average life span of RBCs is about 120 days. [What is the average life span of RBCs? (1M)]
viii. The old and warn out RBCs are destroyed in liver and spleen. (Graveyard of RBCs)
ix. Increase in number of RBCs is called polycythemia whereas [What is polycythemia? (1M)]
decrease in number is called erythrocytopenia. [What is erythrocytopenia? (1M)]
x. Vit. B12, Folic acid and heme protein are required for production of RBCs.
xi. The cytoplasm of RBCs contain respiratory pigment called haemoglobin.
xii. It also contain an enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
xiii.The ratio of volume of RBCs to total blood volume of blood is called Hematocrit.
Functions:-
i. RBCs transport respiratory gases.
ii. They maintain pH of blood and viscosity of blood.
B) Leucocytes / White blood corpuscles:-
Q. Describe five types of leucocytes, with the help of diagram
i. These are colourless, nucleated, amoeboid cells (irregular) larger than RBCs , polymorphic cells.
ii. Due to their amoeboid movement they can move out of capillary walls by process called diapedesis.
iii. In normal adult about 5000 – 11000 WBCs /mm3 .
iv Temporary incrase in number of WBCs is called leucocytosis.
v. It also occurs during pregnancy and in newborn babies.
vi. Decrease in number of WBCs(<4000) is called leucopenia (common in HIV and TB patients)
vii. Uncontrolled increase in number of leucocytes is called blood cancer or Leukemia.
[Define blood cancer. (1 M)]
viii. The average life span is about 3 to 4 days.
Function:-
Concerned with defense mechanism i.e. protection.
2
, Leucocytes are of two types –
a) Granulocytes b) Agranulocytes
a) Granulocytes:-
i. Cytoplasm contain granules, nucleus is lobed.
ii. Also called polymorpho nuclear leucocytes (PMN cell)
iii. They are formed from myeloid stem cells and do not divide
iv. They constitute about 72% of total WBCs.
v. Granules are actually secretory vesicles.
vi. Depending upon staining property and structure of nucleus these are of 3 types.
I) Acidophils II) Basophils III) Neutrophils
I) Acidophils (Eosinophils):- [Write short note on Acidophils. (2M)]
i. nucleus is bilobed & granules are
stained by acidic stain eosin.
ii. Acidophils contain lysosomal granules
iii. They constitute about 1 - 3% of total WBCs.
iv. Increase the number of eosinophils is called eosinophilia.
[What is eosinophilia? (1M)]
Function:-
i. They show anti-histamine property and
increase number during allergic condition.
ii. They destroy antigen- antibody complex.
iii. They are responsible for detoxification as they produce antitoxins.
II) Basophils/ Cyanophils :- [Write short note on basophils. (2M)]
i. Granules are stained by basic stain (methylene blue).
ii. The granules are very few and large sized.
iii. Nucleus is twisted /‘s’ / ‘z’ shaped.
iv. They constitute about 0.5 - 1 % of total WBCs.
Function:-
i. They are non- phagocytic cell.
ii. They secrete Heparin (Anticoagulant) and
Histamine (Found in damaged tissue which involved in
inflammation) and serotonin.
III) Neutrophils:- [Write note on neutrophils. (2M)]
i. Granules are stained by neutral stain. (Dyes)
ii. Cells are spherical and nucleus is 2 - 7 lobed.
iii. They show amoeboid movement and phagocytosis.
iv. They constitute about 70% of total WBCs.
v. Also called “soldier cells”. [Which WBCs is called soldier cells? (1M)]
Function:-
i. They are phagocytic in function and engulf microorganisms.
ii. Dead neutrophils dead microbes and damaged tissues are removed
from body in the form of pus.
b) Agranulocytes:-
i. Cytoplasm without granules and nucleus is large but not lobed.
ii. Agranulocytes are about 28% of total WBCs.
iii. They are formed from lymphoid stem cells and divide by mitosis.
iv. They are of two types-
I) Lymphocytes II) Monocytes
3
Circulation:- The constant and rhythmic flow of blood in a particular direction through a closed blood
Vessels for distribution of metabolites is called circulation
Q. Define circulatory system, mention its types. (2M)
- The system in which blood is circulated throughout the body is called circulatory system.
Types:- Two types-
a) Open circulatory system b) Closed circulatory system
Closed circulatory system was discovered by William Harvey. (1628)
Q. Distinguish between open circulation and closed circulation.
Open circulation Closed circulation
i. Blood is circulated through the body i. Blood is circulated through a network of blood
cavities.(Haemocoel) vessels.
ii. Visceral organs lie in the blood filled body ii. cells and tissues are not directly contact with
cavity. blood.
iii. Exchange of material takes place directly iii. Exchange of material between blood and tissue
between blood and tissue of the body. between intermediate fluid called lymph.
iv. Blood flow with low blood pressure. iv. Blood flow with high blood pressure .
v. Respiratory pigment haemoglobin is absent. v. respiratory pigment haemoglobin are present.
vi. Does not transport respiratory gases. vi.transport respiratory gases.
vii. e.g. Arthropods (Cockroach) and Molluscs vii. e.g. All vertebrate, higher molluscs & Annelids
Circulatory system in Human:
The human circulatory is composed of blood vascular system and Lymphatic system.
Blood vascular system-
In human it consists of A) Blood B) Heart C) Blood vessels
Blood:–
Blood composition and coagulation
Q. What is blood? (1M)
- i. Blood is the main circulatory fluid of the human body.
ii. It is red coloured fluid connective tissue derived from mesoderm.
iii. It is slightly alkaline (pH 7.4) salty, viscous fluid and heavier than water. [What is pH of blood? (1M)]
iv. About 5-6 lit. blood (8 % body wt.) present in body.
v. Study of blood is called haematology. [What is haematology? (1M)]
vi. It has two main components – Fluid plasma (55%) and formed elements i.e. Blood cells (45%)
Blood
Plasma (55%) Blood cells OR formed element (45%)
RBCs/ Erythrocytes WBCs/ Leucocytes Platelets/ Thrombocytes
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Acidophils Basophils Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
1
,Q. What is Plasma?
i. Blood without blood cells called plasma.
ii. Plasma form 55% of blood.
iii. It is straw coloured, slightly alkaline, viscous fluid.
iv. It contain of 90% water, 7-8% plasma proteins are serum albumin, serum globulin,
Properdin, heparin, fibrinogen and prothrombin. [Enlist the proteins present in plasma. (1M)]
v. Remaining 1-2% includes nutrients Food (Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, triglycerides),
Nitrogenous waste (Urea, Uric acid, creatinine) gases (O2, CO2, N2) hormones, enzymes, vitamins
and inorganic sub. (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cl- etc)
B) Formed elements / Blood cells:–
i. the blood cells that are produced in the body are collectively called formed elements.
ii. There are 3 types of formed elements / blood cells.
A) Erythrocytes (RBCs) B) Leucocytes (WBCs) C) Platelets (Thrombocytes)
A) RBCs / Erythrocytes
Q. Write note on Erythrocytes / RBCs
-i. RBCs are most abundant in the human body.
ii. They are circular, biconcave, and non nucleated cells
(nucleated in camel and Llama ).
iii. Total number of RBCs is 5.1- 5.8 million / mm3 of blood
in adult male and 4.3- 5.2 million / mm3 in adult Female.
iv. The process of Formation of RBCs is called erythropoiesis. [What is erythropoiesis? (1M)]
v. They are produced in red bone marrow in adult, and in foetus it occurs in liver and spleen.
vi. They are produced from haemocytoblast / reticulocytes.
vii. The average life span of RBCs is about 120 days. [What is the average life span of RBCs? (1M)]
viii. The old and warn out RBCs are destroyed in liver and spleen. (Graveyard of RBCs)
ix. Increase in number of RBCs is called polycythemia whereas [What is polycythemia? (1M)]
decrease in number is called erythrocytopenia. [What is erythrocytopenia? (1M)]
x. Vit. B12, Folic acid and heme protein are required for production of RBCs.
xi. The cytoplasm of RBCs contain respiratory pigment called haemoglobin.
xii. It also contain an enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
xiii.The ratio of volume of RBCs to total blood volume of blood is called Hematocrit.
Functions:-
i. RBCs transport respiratory gases.
ii. They maintain pH of blood and viscosity of blood.
B) Leucocytes / White blood corpuscles:-
Q. Describe five types of leucocytes, with the help of diagram
i. These are colourless, nucleated, amoeboid cells (irregular) larger than RBCs , polymorphic cells.
ii. Due to their amoeboid movement they can move out of capillary walls by process called diapedesis.
iii. In normal adult about 5000 – 11000 WBCs /mm3 .
iv Temporary incrase in number of WBCs is called leucocytosis.
v. It also occurs during pregnancy and in newborn babies.
vi. Decrease in number of WBCs(<4000) is called leucopenia (common in HIV and TB patients)
vii. Uncontrolled increase in number of leucocytes is called blood cancer or Leukemia.
[Define blood cancer. (1 M)]
viii. The average life span is about 3 to 4 days.
Function:-
Concerned with defense mechanism i.e. protection.
2
, Leucocytes are of two types –
a) Granulocytes b) Agranulocytes
a) Granulocytes:-
i. Cytoplasm contain granules, nucleus is lobed.
ii. Also called polymorpho nuclear leucocytes (PMN cell)
iii. They are formed from myeloid stem cells and do not divide
iv. They constitute about 72% of total WBCs.
v. Granules are actually secretory vesicles.
vi. Depending upon staining property and structure of nucleus these are of 3 types.
I) Acidophils II) Basophils III) Neutrophils
I) Acidophils (Eosinophils):- [Write short note on Acidophils. (2M)]
i. nucleus is bilobed & granules are
stained by acidic stain eosin.
ii. Acidophils contain lysosomal granules
iii. They constitute about 1 - 3% of total WBCs.
iv. Increase the number of eosinophils is called eosinophilia.
[What is eosinophilia? (1M)]
Function:-
i. They show anti-histamine property and
increase number during allergic condition.
ii. They destroy antigen- antibody complex.
iii. They are responsible for detoxification as they produce antitoxins.
II) Basophils/ Cyanophils :- [Write short note on basophils. (2M)]
i. Granules are stained by basic stain (methylene blue).
ii. The granules are very few and large sized.
iii. Nucleus is twisted /‘s’ / ‘z’ shaped.
iv. They constitute about 0.5 - 1 % of total WBCs.
Function:-
i. They are non- phagocytic cell.
ii. They secrete Heparin (Anticoagulant) and
Histamine (Found in damaged tissue which involved in
inflammation) and serotonin.
III) Neutrophils:- [Write note on neutrophils. (2M)]
i. Granules are stained by neutral stain. (Dyes)
ii. Cells are spherical and nucleus is 2 - 7 lobed.
iii. They show amoeboid movement and phagocytosis.
iv. They constitute about 70% of total WBCs.
v. Also called “soldier cells”. [Which WBCs is called soldier cells? (1M)]
Function:-
i. They are phagocytic in function and engulf microorganisms.
ii. Dead neutrophils dead microbes and damaged tissues are removed
from body in the form of pus.
b) Agranulocytes:-
i. Cytoplasm without granules and nucleus is large but not lobed.
ii. Agranulocytes are about 28% of total WBCs.
iii. They are formed from lymphoid stem cells and divide by mitosis.
iv. They are of two types-
I) Lymphocytes II) Monocytes
3
