PORTAGE BIOD 101 MODULE 5 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+
ligand
A molecule with specificity for a given receptor, and binding between the two causes a
change.
intercellular communication
interaction between a cell releasing a ligand, and the target cell receiving the message
paracrine signaling
short distance signaling, important during development for secretion of growth factors
synaptic signaling
occurs across a synapse
synapse
small gap between signaling cell and target cell
neurotransmitters
a class of ligand molecules released from neurons, packaged in vesicles
Autocrine signaling
when a cell acts as both sender and receiver of a message. Common to immune and
cancer cells
Endocrine signaling
signaling over long distances through the circulatory system, commonly through
hormones
hormones
ligands used as messengers in endocrine signaling
Direct cell-to-cell signaling
involves contact between cells. ex: gap junctions
intracellular signaling
communication within cells
reception
occurs through receptors usually in cell membrane
, transduction
when the signaling molecule causes an intracellular change, often in a series of steps or
pathway
relay molecules
molecules involved in the signal transduction pathway
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
plasma membrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein
G protein
A protein that binds to GTP and hydrolyzes it back to GDP
receptor tyrosine kinases
Enzyme-linked receptor molecules that usually bind to growth factor ligands and
coordinate multiple transduction pathways at a time
auto-phosphorylation
when tyrosine kinases on one monomer stalk phosphorylate the opposite monomer
ligand-gated ion channels
ion channels that open in response to the binding of a ligand, most commonly
neurotransmitters
Intracellular receptors
located within a cell's cytoplasm or nucleus, commonly bind with hydrophobic molecules
like steroid and thyroid hormones, vitamin D3.
carrier molecule
required to transport steroids (hydrophobic) through the bloodstream (hydrophilic)
transcription factors
proteins that control the transcription of a gene into mRNA
specificity
the specific pairing of a ligand with its receptor that leads to a response
agonist
a ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response in the target cell. Ex:
drospirenone
antagonist
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+
ligand
A molecule with specificity for a given receptor, and binding between the two causes a
change.
intercellular communication
interaction between a cell releasing a ligand, and the target cell receiving the message
paracrine signaling
short distance signaling, important during development for secretion of growth factors
synaptic signaling
occurs across a synapse
synapse
small gap between signaling cell and target cell
neurotransmitters
a class of ligand molecules released from neurons, packaged in vesicles
Autocrine signaling
when a cell acts as both sender and receiver of a message. Common to immune and
cancer cells
Endocrine signaling
signaling over long distances through the circulatory system, commonly through
hormones
hormones
ligands used as messengers in endocrine signaling
Direct cell-to-cell signaling
involves contact between cells. ex: gap junctions
intracellular signaling
communication within cells
reception
occurs through receptors usually in cell membrane
, transduction
when the signaling molecule causes an intracellular change, often in a series of steps or
pathway
relay molecules
molecules involved in the signal transduction pathway
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
plasma membrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein
G protein
A protein that binds to GTP and hydrolyzes it back to GDP
receptor tyrosine kinases
Enzyme-linked receptor molecules that usually bind to growth factor ligands and
coordinate multiple transduction pathways at a time
auto-phosphorylation
when tyrosine kinases on one monomer stalk phosphorylate the opposite monomer
ligand-gated ion channels
ion channels that open in response to the binding of a ligand, most commonly
neurotransmitters
Intracellular receptors
located within a cell's cytoplasm or nucleus, commonly bind with hydrophobic molecules
like steroid and thyroid hormones, vitamin D3.
carrier molecule
required to transport steroids (hydrophobic) through the bloodstream (hydrophilic)
transcription factors
proteins that control the transcription of a gene into mRNA
specificity
the specific pairing of a ligand with its receptor that leads to a response
agonist
a ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response in the target cell. Ex:
drospirenone
antagonist
