NUR 631 MIDTERM EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM
270 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
1. A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are
suspendedCytoplasm: cytoplasm
2. plasma membrane: A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the
boundary of the cells
3. Nucleus: A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
4. a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring
in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.:
centrioles
5. Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
6. A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists
in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the
production of lipids.: endoplasmic reticulum
7. Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production: mitochondria
8. cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials
in the cell: lysosomes
9. a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells, A system of membranes that modifies and packages
proteins for export by the cell: golgi apparatus
10. decrease/schrinkage in cellular size for adaption: atrophy
11. increase in size of cells (organs) for adaption: hypertrophy
12. increase in number of cells for adapation: hyperplasia
13. reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another (epithelium
changes in smokers): metaplasia
14. abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells (can
lead to cervical cancer): dysplasia
15. increased copper accumulation in liver and NS (biliary defect);
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE s/s: hepatitis, neuro/MS--tremors muscle
incoord, behavioral change; Test: copper, ceruloplasmin, genetic test,
LFT, imaging.: Wilson's disease
, .
16. kayser-flescher rings in eyes: Wilson's disease
17. necrosis cardiac infarct (other tissues, not the brain); typically affects
kidney. Denaturation of proteins from gel to firm state: coagulative
18. necrosis of lipids and macrophages (develop granulomas)
TB/histoplasmosis
combo of coagulative and liquefactive. cells disintegrate /denature but debris
is walled off (cheese like): caseous
19 wet or dry necrosis that occurs from ischemia or bacteria; physical
injury/trauma.: gangrene
20. necrosis in pancreas/breast tissue: fat
21. necrosis from bacterial infection/cerebral infarct; typically affect
neurons/glia cells in brain. Cells "digested" by their own hydrolases--
tissue becomes soft. walled off from healthy tissues, forming cysts:
liquefactive
22. 3 million per cell, thyamine-adenine; cytosine-guanine: DNA
23. packages of DNA: chromosomes
24. small head with flat facial features, slanted eyes; single crease in palm,
heart defects, ALL dementia (25% 0ver 35); 1/800 babies 5K per year:
Downs syndrome
25. Downs syndrome: Trisomy 21
26. XXY; males with extra X; both male/female sex characteristics; decreased
testosterone--less body and facial hair, gynecomastia (risk for breast CA),
weak muscles/bones, shy, small testes--infertile, impaired language
development: Klinefelter syndrome
27. 45X, chromosomal disorder women only (missing an X) short, no/irreg.
menstral, no breast/wide nipples, low hairline, web necked; infants
swollen hands/feet: Turner's syndrome
28. Type 1; IgE mediated, quick onset after exposure ALLERGIC: bee sting,
latex, certain medications (e.g. PCN) hypersensitivity reaction
29. Type II Cytotoxic/antibody-mediated; CYTOTOXIC: hemolytic reactions;
Goodpasture syndrome; hyperacute graft rejection
30. Type III Immune complex/IgG/IgM mediated; IMMUNE-COMPLEX depo-
sition: hypersensitivity pneumonitis; systemic lupus erythematosos; polyarteritis
nodas, serum sickness
31. Type IV delayed or cell-mediated DELAYED: chronic graft rejections, PPD
test, latex, nickel, poison ivy
, .
32. display foreign antigen on their cell surface bound to MHC: antigen-
presenting cells
33. tests for DIC: DDimer, Cprotein, High Creat (kidney shut down)
34. what stops normal growth hormone: somatostatin
35. what vitamin is made from kidney with inactive form from sun: vitamin D
36. is thyroid hormone lipid or water soluble: lipid
37. what type of hormones come from anterior pituitary lipid or water:
water...peptide
38. Telemerase: An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in
eukaryotic germ cells.
39 what characteristics of telemerase contribute to cancer: contribute to cancer
cell immortality; activity allowing a cell to replicate indefinitely; promoting synthesis
of telomere ends
40. monospot test detects what in Mononucleosis: IgM
41. what immunoglobulin for active infection: IgM
42. what immunoglobulin for past infection: IgG
43. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): an inherited condition in which
abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to
infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
44. how does inflammation play part in cancer development: contributes to
angiogenesis, limits apoptosis, initiates carcinogenesis, causes direct DNA
damage 45. CAR T cell therapy: T cells are removed from a patient and
modified so that they express CAR receptors specific to the patient's particular
cancer. The T cells, which can then recognize and kill the cancer cells, are
reintroduced into the patient. 46. genetically engineered immune cell; T-cell
makes sure to only kill the cancer cell: CAR-T therapy
47. PKU (phenylketonuria): chrom 12 mutation NONDISJUNCTION leads to error
in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine; ClinMan: fail to meet dev milestones,
microcephaly, progressive neurological decline/MR, seizures, hyperactivity, LD,
eczema. Diag: serum phenylalanine by 3 days old. Treatment: diet low in protein
and starches, gene therapy, phenylalanine lowering agents.; autosomal
recessive
48. a newborn patient is diagnosed with hemolytic disease. the nurse may see
what s/s: kernicterus, petchial hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
49. vasodilation from an imbalance between the two nervous systems:
vasogenic shock
270 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+
1. A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are
suspendedCytoplasm: cytoplasm
2. plasma membrane: A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the
boundary of the cells
3. Nucleus: A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
4. a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring
in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.:
centrioles
5. Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
6. A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists
in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the
production of lipids.: endoplasmic reticulum
7. Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production: mitochondria
8. cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials
in the cell: lysosomes
9. a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells, A system of membranes that modifies and packages
proteins for export by the cell: golgi apparatus
10. decrease/schrinkage in cellular size for adaption: atrophy
11. increase in size of cells (organs) for adaption: hypertrophy
12. increase in number of cells for adapation: hyperplasia
13. reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another (epithelium
changes in smokers): metaplasia
14. abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells (can
lead to cervical cancer): dysplasia
15. increased copper accumulation in liver and NS (biliary defect);
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE s/s: hepatitis, neuro/MS--tremors muscle
incoord, behavioral change; Test: copper, ceruloplasmin, genetic test,
LFT, imaging.: Wilson's disease
, .
16. kayser-flescher rings in eyes: Wilson's disease
17. necrosis cardiac infarct (other tissues, not the brain); typically affects
kidney. Denaturation of proteins from gel to firm state: coagulative
18. necrosis of lipids and macrophages (develop granulomas)
TB/histoplasmosis
combo of coagulative and liquefactive. cells disintegrate /denature but debris
is walled off (cheese like): caseous
19 wet or dry necrosis that occurs from ischemia or bacteria; physical
injury/trauma.: gangrene
20. necrosis in pancreas/breast tissue: fat
21. necrosis from bacterial infection/cerebral infarct; typically affect
neurons/glia cells in brain. Cells "digested" by their own hydrolases--
tissue becomes soft. walled off from healthy tissues, forming cysts:
liquefactive
22. 3 million per cell, thyamine-adenine; cytosine-guanine: DNA
23. packages of DNA: chromosomes
24. small head with flat facial features, slanted eyes; single crease in palm,
heart defects, ALL dementia (25% 0ver 35); 1/800 babies 5K per year:
Downs syndrome
25. Downs syndrome: Trisomy 21
26. XXY; males with extra X; both male/female sex characteristics; decreased
testosterone--less body and facial hair, gynecomastia (risk for breast CA),
weak muscles/bones, shy, small testes--infertile, impaired language
development: Klinefelter syndrome
27. 45X, chromosomal disorder women only (missing an X) short, no/irreg.
menstral, no breast/wide nipples, low hairline, web necked; infants
swollen hands/feet: Turner's syndrome
28. Type 1; IgE mediated, quick onset after exposure ALLERGIC: bee sting,
latex, certain medications (e.g. PCN) hypersensitivity reaction
29. Type II Cytotoxic/antibody-mediated; CYTOTOXIC: hemolytic reactions;
Goodpasture syndrome; hyperacute graft rejection
30. Type III Immune complex/IgG/IgM mediated; IMMUNE-COMPLEX depo-
sition: hypersensitivity pneumonitis; systemic lupus erythematosos; polyarteritis
nodas, serum sickness
31. Type IV delayed or cell-mediated DELAYED: chronic graft rejections, PPD
test, latex, nickel, poison ivy
, .
32. display foreign antigen on their cell surface bound to MHC: antigen-
presenting cells
33. tests for DIC: DDimer, Cprotein, High Creat (kidney shut down)
34. what stops normal growth hormone: somatostatin
35. what vitamin is made from kidney with inactive form from sun: vitamin D
36. is thyroid hormone lipid or water soluble: lipid
37. what type of hormones come from anterior pituitary lipid or water:
water...peptide
38. Telemerase: An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in
eukaryotic germ cells.
39 what characteristics of telemerase contribute to cancer: contribute to cancer
cell immortality; activity allowing a cell to replicate indefinitely; promoting synthesis
of telomere ends
40. monospot test detects what in Mononucleosis: IgM
41. what immunoglobulin for active infection: IgM
42. what immunoglobulin for past infection: IgG
43. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): an inherited condition in which
abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to
infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
44. how does inflammation play part in cancer development: contributes to
angiogenesis, limits apoptosis, initiates carcinogenesis, causes direct DNA
damage 45. CAR T cell therapy: T cells are removed from a patient and
modified so that they express CAR receptors specific to the patient's particular
cancer. The T cells, which can then recognize and kill the cancer cells, are
reintroduced into the patient. 46. genetically engineered immune cell; T-cell
makes sure to only kill the cancer cell: CAR-T therapy
47. PKU (phenylketonuria): chrom 12 mutation NONDISJUNCTION leads to error
in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine; ClinMan: fail to meet dev milestones,
microcephaly, progressive neurological decline/MR, seizures, hyperactivity, LD,
eczema. Diag: serum phenylalanine by 3 days old. Treatment: diet low in protein
and starches, gene therapy, phenylalanine lowering agents.; autosomal
recessive
48. a newborn patient is diagnosed with hemolytic disease. the nurse may see
what s/s: kernicterus, petchial hemorrhage, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
49. vasodilation from an imbalance between the two nervous systems:
vasogenic shock
