Biod 151 - final exam Questions and Answers,
With Pictorial Diagrams, Complete Solution.
What are the levels of organization in the body?
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism
What is superior v inferior?
toward the head (above) v away from the head (below)
What is ventral v dorsal?
front (anterior) v back (posterior)
What is medial v lateral?
toward the midline of the body v away from the midline of the body
What is proximal v distal?
close to the point of attachment v farther from point of attachment
What is deep v superficial?
away from the body surface v toward the body surface
What is flexion v extension?
closing of a joint v opening of a joint
what is ABduction v ADDuction?
movement away from midline v movement toward midline
What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion?
toes up v toes down
What is pronation v supination?
palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot medial
What is elevation v depression?
upward movement of a structure v downward movement of a structure
What is retraction v protraction?
movement of a structure drawn backward v movement of a structure drawn forward
Describe anatomical position
Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs facing away
from the body
What is the sagittal plane?
divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal parts)
What are frontal planes?
divides body into front and back
What is a transverse plane?
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
What lies within the dorsal cavity?
the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic cavity
What lies within the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, thoracic cavity, pericardial cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
What is serosa?
membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer surface of the organs
, What is pleurisy?
inflammation of the pleurae
What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
R/L hypochondriac, epigastric, R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L hypogastric, hypogastric
Why do cells need to remain relatively small?
Because as the cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to volume decreases.
The smaller cell is more active when its surface area, relative to its volume, is bigger
What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
smaller than eukaryotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, do not contain
many of the internal membrane-bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have
What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled?
capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, pili, bacterial
flagellum, nucleoid
What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains DNA. Serves as the control enter of
the cell
What are chromosomes?
organized form of DNA in a cell
What are genes?
sections of a chromosome that determine what proteins are synthesized in the
ribosomes
What transfers the information from the DNA to the ribosomes?
Messenger RNA
Where is RNA made?
nucleolus
What are ribosomes?
tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
Where are ribosomes located?
the rough ER
What is the purpose of the rough/smooth ER?
after proteins are assembled, they are modified and transported by the eR. The smooth
ER also synthesizes lipids
What is the cytoplasm?
fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside of the nucleus
What is the golgi complex?
made up of flattened sacs called cisternae. Responsible for receiving lipids and proteins
synthesized by the ER altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the
cell.
What are lysosomes?
produced by the golgi complex, they are a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins,
lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
What is tay-sachs?
when a normally present digestive enzyme is lacking that causes a topic lipid in the
brain to build up resulting in intellectual disability and death
What are the protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells?
With Pictorial Diagrams, Complete Solution.
What are the levels of organization in the body?
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism
What is superior v inferior?
toward the head (above) v away from the head (below)
What is ventral v dorsal?
front (anterior) v back (posterior)
What is medial v lateral?
toward the midline of the body v away from the midline of the body
What is proximal v distal?
close to the point of attachment v farther from point of attachment
What is deep v superficial?
away from the body surface v toward the body surface
What is flexion v extension?
closing of a joint v opening of a joint
what is ABduction v ADDuction?
movement away from midline v movement toward midline
What is dorsiflexion v plantarflexion?
toes up v toes down
What is pronation v supination?
palms up/foot lateral v palms down/foot medial
What is elevation v depression?
upward movement of a structure v downward movement of a structure
What is retraction v protraction?
movement of a structure drawn backward v movement of a structure drawn forward
Describe anatomical position
Standing upright with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs facing away
from the body
What is the sagittal plane?
divides body into left and right (midsagittal is equal parts)
What are frontal planes?
divides body into front and back
What is a transverse plane?
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
What lies within the dorsal cavity?
the cranial cavity, the spinal cavity, pelvic cavity
What lies within the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, thoracic cavity, pericardial cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
What is serosa?
membrane that lines the ventral body cavity and the outer surface of the organs
, What is pleurisy?
inflammation of the pleurae
What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
R/L hypochondriac, epigastric, R/L lumbar, umbilical, R/L hypogastric, hypogastric
Why do cells need to remain relatively small?
Because as the cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to volume decreases.
The smaller cell is more active when its surface area, relative to its volume, is bigger
What are the three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
smaller than eukaryotic, DNA is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, do not contain
many of the internal membrane-bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have
What parts of a prokaryotic cell can be labeled?
capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmid, pili, bacterial
flagellum, nucleoid
What is the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?
surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains DNA. Serves as the control enter of
the cell
What are chromosomes?
organized form of DNA in a cell
What are genes?
sections of a chromosome that determine what proteins are synthesized in the
ribosomes
What transfers the information from the DNA to the ribosomes?
Messenger RNA
Where is RNA made?
nucleolus
What are ribosomes?
tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
Where are ribosomes located?
the rough ER
What is the purpose of the rough/smooth ER?
after proteins are assembled, they are modified and transported by the eR. The smooth
ER also synthesizes lipids
What is the cytoplasm?
fluid portion of the cell and all the organelles outside of the nucleus
What is the golgi complex?
made up of flattened sacs called cisternae. Responsible for receiving lipids and proteins
synthesized by the ER altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the
cell.
What are lysosomes?
produced by the golgi complex, they are a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins,
lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
What is tay-sachs?
when a normally present digestive enzyme is lacking that causes a topic lipid in the
brain to build up resulting in intellectual disability and death
What are the protein fibers that compose the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells?
