BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS, 346 QUESTIONS TO PREPARE FOR YOUR FINAL
EXAM. A+ GUARANTEE.
Anatomy
Structure of the body
Physiology
How the body functions
Atoms
Smallest building blocks of matter
Cell
Smallest units of living organisms
Organism
A living thing composed of organ systems
Epithelial tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body
- Specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption
- Closely packed cells w/ little matrix
Muscle tissue
Specialized contractile tissue that enables us to move
Connective tissue
- Offers support and protection of body organs throughout the body
- Includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments
Nervous tissue
Responsible for communication between the cells of the body
Integumentary system
Skin forms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury
Skeletal system
- Acts as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs
- Houses blood cells + stores minerals
Muscular system
Enables movement of the body
Nervous system
Important for internal communication among the cells of the body, as well as being able
to detect external stimuli and communicate that to the brain
Digestive system
- Breaks down food into small molecules
- Mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine --> rectum
Endocrine system
Secrete hormones that go into the bloodstream and help regulate the reproductive
system as well as the metabolism of the cells in the body
Metabolism
A set of chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable our bodies to function
Glycolysis
,6 carbon atoms --> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP
Citric acid cycle
Pyruvic acid --> 2 ATP + electron carriers
ETC
Yields 36-38 ATP
Cardiovascular system
- Made up of the heart as well as the blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and
nutrients throughout the body
- Responsible for moving CO2 waste from the cells to the lungs so it can be expired, as
well as moving nutrients to cells that it needs in addition to supplying cells with oxygen
Lymphatic system
Main job is to return excess fluid from cardiovascular system back to the heart, and to
help fight off disease and provide immunity
Respiratory system
Involved in the excretion of the waste CO2 as well as keeping the blood supplied with
oxygen
Urinary system
- Involved in excretion of waste from the body
- Intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood
- CV, digestive, and urinary system help to move nutrients and waste through the body,
whereas the actual ability to remove waste from the body is carried out by digestive,
urinary, and respiratory system
Reproductive system
- Involves cellular reproduction in which the original cell divides, producing two identical
daughter cells that are often used for body growth or repair
- Controlled by hormones from endocrine system
Superior/cranial
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior/caudal
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Dorsiflexion
Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar joint
Plantarflexion
Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar joint
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so
the sole faces laterally
Supination
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the
sole faces medially
Anatomical position
- Medical reference point of a standard body position
- Eyes facing forward, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body
- Bones in the forearm need to be uncrossed
- Legs shoulder width apart, toes facing forward
Axial
, Makes up axis of body and includes head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Everything attached to axial skeleton (arms, pelvis, legs)
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides body into left and right sections
Frontal (or coronal) plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse (or horizontal plane)
Divides body into superior and inferior parts
Cross section
Transverse section of the body
Oblique section
Cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes
Dorsal cavity
Protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile
Cranial cavity
Sits in the skull and houses the brain
Spinal cavity
Runs within the bony vertebral column and encases spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Larger of the two cavities that houses the visceral organs
Thoracic cavity
- Upper portion
- Protected by ribs and muscles found within the chest
- Divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
- Consists of pericardial and pleural cavities
Pericardial cavity
- Surrounds the heart and encloses the thoracic organs, including esophagus and
trachea
- Located in the mediastinum
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
- Superior portion
- Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver (organs are very vulnerable d/t no bone for
protection)
Pelvic cavity
Housed inside bony pelvis (contains bladder, rectum reproductive organs) --> provides
more protection than abdominal caivty
Serous membrane
Secrete fluid that helps organs move smoothly against each other
Serosa
Reduces friction between organs as they slide around
Visceral
Covers organ itself
Parietal
ANSWERS, 346 QUESTIONS TO PREPARE FOR YOUR FINAL
EXAM. A+ GUARANTEE.
Anatomy
Structure of the body
Physiology
How the body functions
Atoms
Smallest building blocks of matter
Cell
Smallest units of living organisms
Organism
A living thing composed of organ systems
Epithelial tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines the cavities of the body
- Specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption
- Closely packed cells w/ little matrix
Muscle tissue
Specialized contractile tissue that enables us to move
Connective tissue
- Offers support and protection of body organs throughout the body
- Includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments
Nervous tissue
Responsible for communication between the cells of the body
Integumentary system
Skin forms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury
Skeletal system
- Acts as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs
- Houses blood cells + stores minerals
Muscular system
Enables movement of the body
Nervous system
Important for internal communication among the cells of the body, as well as being able
to detect external stimuli and communicate that to the brain
Digestive system
- Breaks down food into small molecules
- Mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine --> rectum
Endocrine system
Secrete hormones that go into the bloodstream and help regulate the reproductive
system as well as the metabolism of the cells in the body
Metabolism
A set of chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable our bodies to function
Glycolysis
,6 carbon atoms --> 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP
Citric acid cycle
Pyruvic acid --> 2 ATP + electron carriers
ETC
Yields 36-38 ATP
Cardiovascular system
- Made up of the heart as well as the blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and
nutrients throughout the body
- Responsible for moving CO2 waste from the cells to the lungs so it can be expired, as
well as moving nutrients to cells that it needs in addition to supplying cells with oxygen
Lymphatic system
Main job is to return excess fluid from cardiovascular system back to the heart, and to
help fight off disease and provide immunity
Respiratory system
Involved in the excretion of the waste CO2 as well as keeping the blood supplied with
oxygen
Urinary system
- Involved in excretion of waste from the body
- Intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood
- CV, digestive, and urinary system help to move nutrients and waste through the body,
whereas the actual ability to remove waste from the body is carried out by digestive,
urinary, and respiratory system
Reproductive system
- Involves cellular reproduction in which the original cell divides, producing two identical
daughter cells that are often used for body growth or repair
- Controlled by hormones from endocrine system
Superior/cranial
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior/caudal
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body
Dorsiflexion
Flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar joint
Plantarflexion
Flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar joint
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so
the sole faces laterally
Supination
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly OR rotation of the ankle so the
sole faces medially
Anatomical position
- Medical reference point of a standard body position
- Eyes facing forward, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body
- Bones in the forearm need to be uncrossed
- Legs shoulder width apart, toes facing forward
Axial
, Makes up axis of body and includes head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
Everything attached to axial skeleton (arms, pelvis, legs)
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides body into left and right sections
Frontal (or coronal) plane
Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse (or horizontal plane)
Divides body into superior and inferior parts
Cross section
Transverse section of the body
Oblique section
Cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes
Dorsal cavity
Protects the nervous system organs, which tend to be very fragile
Cranial cavity
Sits in the skull and houses the brain
Spinal cavity
Runs within the bony vertebral column and encases spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Larger of the two cavities that houses the visceral organs
Thoracic cavity
- Upper portion
- Protected by ribs and muscles found within the chest
- Divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
- Consists of pericardial and pleural cavities
Pericardial cavity
- Surrounds the heart and encloses the thoracic organs, including esophagus and
trachea
- Located in the mediastinum
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
- Superior portion
- Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver (organs are very vulnerable d/t no bone for
protection)
Pelvic cavity
Housed inside bony pelvis (contains bladder, rectum reproductive organs) --> provides
more protection than abdominal caivty
Serous membrane
Secrete fluid that helps organs move smoothly against each other
Serosa
Reduces friction between organs as they slide around
Visceral
Covers organ itself
Parietal
