Hondros Bio 253 Exam 2023-2024
Layers of the skin - ANSWER epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Stratum Corneum - ANSWER Protective durable overcoat, waterproof, tough, relatively
insensitive to biological, chemical and physical assault.
Stratum Lucidum - ANSWER visible only in thick skin, few layers thick, dead clear cells
Stratum Granulosum - ANSWER 3-5 layers of thick keratinocytes flastten out
Stratum Spinosum - ANSWER overlies the stratum basale, cells come from the basale,
filaments u the cells that resist tension, keratinocytes have a spiny appearance, contain
langerhen cells
Stratum Basale - ANSWER Deepest layer, single row if renewing keratinocytes that are
getting ready to push up, melaninocytes, small portion of merkel cells
Parts of a neuron - ANSWER Cell body, Dendrites, Axon
Cell body - ANSWER Provide protein for maintaining and regenerating nerves
Dendrites - ANSWER Each neuron had one or more dendrites, branch from the cell body,
bring impulses in, distal ends of dendrites of sensory neurons are receptors
Axon - ANSWER Each neurons has one axon, axon hillock integrates incoming signals. axons
carry impulses away and communicates
Afferent neurons - ANSWER Brings signal to CNS, *sensory
Efferent neurons - ANSWER Carry signals away, *motor
Reflex Arc - ANSWER Receptor, afferent, interneuron, efferent, effector, response
Membrane potential - ANSWER Slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of
the membrane
Saltatory conduction - ANSWER In myelinated fibers, action potentials in the membrane
occor only at the nodes of Raniver
Continuous conduction - ANSWER In unmyelinated fibers
Acetylcholine - ANSWER chemical structure, found in junctions with motor effectors
(skeletal muscles, glands, many parts of the brain
, Brain stem - ANSWER Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Diencephalon - ANSWER Hypothalamus, Thalamus
Cerebellum - ANSWER Compares motor commands of cerebrum with proprioceptor
information, acts with cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements, controls balance and
posture
Frontal lobe - ANSWER Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movements, emotions, and
problem solving
Parietal lobe - ANSWER movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli, lanuagae
Temporal lobe - ANSWER perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and
speech
Occipital lobe - ANSWER visual processing
Olfactory nerve (CN I) - ANSWER sense if smell
Optic nerve (CN II) - ANSWER sense of sight
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - ANSWER eye movement, regulation of size of pupil,
accommodation, proprioception (muscles sense)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV) - ANSWER eye movement, proprioception
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) - ANSWER sensation of head and face, chewing movements,
proprioception
Abducens nerve (CN VI) - ANSWER abduction of eye, proprioception
Facial nerve (CN VII) - ANSWER facial expressions, secretion of saliva, tears, and taste
Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) - ANSWER balance of equilibrium sense, hearing
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - ANSWER sensations of tongue, swallowing movements,
secretions of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration
Vagus nerve (CN X) - ANSWER sennsation and movements of organs supplied, slow heart,
increases peristalsis, contracts muscles for voice production
Accessory nerve (CN XI) - ANSWER shoulder movements, turning movements of the head,
proprioception
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - ANSWER tongue movements, proprioception
Layers of the skin - ANSWER epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Stratum Corneum - ANSWER Protective durable overcoat, waterproof, tough, relatively
insensitive to biological, chemical and physical assault.
Stratum Lucidum - ANSWER visible only in thick skin, few layers thick, dead clear cells
Stratum Granulosum - ANSWER 3-5 layers of thick keratinocytes flastten out
Stratum Spinosum - ANSWER overlies the stratum basale, cells come from the basale,
filaments u the cells that resist tension, keratinocytes have a spiny appearance, contain
langerhen cells
Stratum Basale - ANSWER Deepest layer, single row if renewing keratinocytes that are
getting ready to push up, melaninocytes, small portion of merkel cells
Parts of a neuron - ANSWER Cell body, Dendrites, Axon
Cell body - ANSWER Provide protein for maintaining and regenerating nerves
Dendrites - ANSWER Each neuron had one or more dendrites, branch from the cell body,
bring impulses in, distal ends of dendrites of sensory neurons are receptors
Axon - ANSWER Each neurons has one axon, axon hillock integrates incoming signals. axons
carry impulses away and communicates
Afferent neurons - ANSWER Brings signal to CNS, *sensory
Efferent neurons - ANSWER Carry signals away, *motor
Reflex Arc - ANSWER Receptor, afferent, interneuron, efferent, effector, response
Membrane potential - ANSWER Slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of
the membrane
Saltatory conduction - ANSWER In myelinated fibers, action potentials in the membrane
occor only at the nodes of Raniver
Continuous conduction - ANSWER In unmyelinated fibers
Acetylcholine - ANSWER chemical structure, found in junctions with motor effectors
(skeletal muscles, glands, many parts of the brain
, Brain stem - ANSWER Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Diencephalon - ANSWER Hypothalamus, Thalamus
Cerebellum - ANSWER Compares motor commands of cerebrum with proprioceptor
information, acts with cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements, controls balance and
posture
Frontal lobe - ANSWER Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movements, emotions, and
problem solving
Parietal lobe - ANSWER movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli, lanuagae
Temporal lobe - ANSWER perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and
speech
Occipital lobe - ANSWER visual processing
Olfactory nerve (CN I) - ANSWER sense if smell
Optic nerve (CN II) - ANSWER sense of sight
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - ANSWER eye movement, regulation of size of pupil,
accommodation, proprioception (muscles sense)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV) - ANSWER eye movement, proprioception
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) - ANSWER sensation of head and face, chewing movements,
proprioception
Abducens nerve (CN VI) - ANSWER abduction of eye, proprioception
Facial nerve (CN VII) - ANSWER facial expressions, secretion of saliva, tears, and taste
Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) - ANSWER balance of equilibrium sense, hearing
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - ANSWER sensations of tongue, swallowing movements,
secretions of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration
Vagus nerve (CN X) - ANSWER sennsation and movements of organs supplied, slow heart,
increases peristalsis, contracts muscles for voice production
Accessory nerve (CN XI) - ANSWER shoulder movements, turning movements of the head,
proprioception
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - ANSWER tongue movements, proprioception
