1. Which condition is characterized by destruction of
acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular
junction?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. ALS
Answer: C
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune
disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission by
targeting ACh receptors.
2. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: B
,Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
3. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
4. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
B. Increased 2,3-BPG
C. Decreased pH
D. Decreased CO2
Answer: D
,Rationale: A left shift (increased affinity) is caused
by decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased
temperature, and decreased 2,3-BPG.
5. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
6. Which hormone is most deficient in central
diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (vasopressin)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
Answer: B
, Rationale: Central DI is due to a deficiency of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and
polydipsia.
7. Which of the following is most likely in a patient
with metabolic acidosis?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Low serum bicarbonate
C. High pH
D. Decreased anion gap
Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis is characterized by
decreased serum bicarbonate and low blood pH.
8. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular
junction?
A. Guillain-Barré syndrome
B. Multiple sclerosis
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. ALS
Answer: C
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune
disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission by
targeting ACh receptors.
2. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: B
,Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
3. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
4. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
B. Increased 2,3-BPG
C. Decreased pH
D. Decreased CO2
Answer: D
,Rationale: A left shift (increased affinity) is caused
by decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased
temperature, and decreased 2,3-BPG.
5. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
6. Which hormone is most deficient in central
diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (vasopressin)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
Answer: B
, Rationale: Central DI is due to a deficiency of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and
polydipsia.
7. Which of the following is most likely in a patient
with metabolic acidosis?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Low serum bicarbonate
C. High pH
D. Decreased anion gap
Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis is characterized by
decreased serum bicarbonate and low blood pH.
8. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
