1. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
2. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
,Rationale: Septic shock presents with high CO
initially and peripheral vasodilation due to
inflammation.
3. Which organ is most affected in Wilson’s disease?
A. Pancreas
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Spleen
Answer: C
Rationale: Wilson’s disease involves copper
accumulation, primarily affecting the liver and brain.
4. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: B
,Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
5. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
6. In heart failure, what is the primary compensatory
mechanism initially activated?
A. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS)
C. Increased parasympathetic tone
D. Inhibition of sympathetic nervous system
, Answer: B
Rationale: The RAAS is activated to maintain
perfusion pressure through vasoconstriction and
sodium/water retention, but it can eventually worsen
heart failure.
7. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
8. What is the initial pathophysiological event in
septic shock?
A. Loss of sympathetic tone
B. Decreased cardiac contractility
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
2. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
,Rationale: Septic shock presents with high CO
initially and peripheral vasodilation due to
inflammation.
3. Which organ is most affected in Wilson’s disease?
A. Pancreas
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Spleen
Answer: C
Rationale: Wilson’s disease involves copper
accumulation, primarily affecting the liver and brain.
4. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: B
,Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
5. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
6. In heart failure, what is the primary compensatory
mechanism initially activated?
A. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
B. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS)
C. Increased parasympathetic tone
D. Inhibition of sympathetic nervous system
, Answer: B
Rationale: The RAAS is activated to maintain
perfusion pressure through vasoconstriction and
sodium/water retention, but it can eventually worsen
heart failure.
7. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
8. What is the initial pathophysiological event in
septic shock?
A. Loss of sympathetic tone
B. Decreased cardiac contractility
