1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
2. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved
in anaphylaxis?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
,Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-
mediated release of histamine and other mediators,
leading to anaphylaxis.
3. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
4. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
B. Increased 2,3-BPG
C. Decreased pH
,D. Decreased CO2
Answer: D
Rationale: A left shift (increased affinity) is caused
by decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased
temperature, and decreased 2,3-BPG.
5. In anemia of chronic disease, which iron study
abnormality is most common?
A. Elevated serum iron
B. Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
C. Low ferritin
D. Low serum iron and low TIBC
Answer: D
Rationale: Anemia of chronic disease typically
presents with low serum iron and low TIBC, with
normal or elevated ferritin.
6. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
, C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
7. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
Rationale: A mutation in the CFTR gene causes thick
mucus due to defective chloride transport.
8. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
2. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved
in anaphylaxis?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
,Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-
mediated release of histamine and other mediators,
leading to anaphylaxis.
3. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
4. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
B. Increased 2,3-BPG
C. Decreased pH
,D. Decreased CO2
Answer: D
Rationale: A left shift (increased affinity) is caused
by decreased CO2, increased pH, decreased
temperature, and decreased 2,3-BPG.
5. In anemia of chronic disease, which iron study
abnormality is most common?
A. Elevated serum iron
B. Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
C. Low ferritin
D. Low serum iron and low TIBC
Answer: D
Rationale: Anemia of chronic disease typically
presents with low serum iron and low TIBC, with
normal or elevated ferritin.
6. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
, C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
7. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
Rationale: A mutation in the CFTR gene causes thick
mucus due to defective chloride transport.
8. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
