1. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2. Which organ is most affected in Wilson’s disease?
A. Pancreas
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Spleen
Answer: C
Rationale: Wilson’s disease involves copper
accumulation, primarily affecting the liver and brain.
,3. The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
involves:
A. Non-inflammatory joint degeneration
B. Immune complex-mediated joint inflammation
C. Viral infection of the synovium
D. Cartilage trauma
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is an autoimmune disease where
immune complexes attack synovial joints, causing
inflammation and destruction.
4. In hypothyroidism, which of the following is
typically elevated?
A. T3
B. T4
C. TSH
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C
Rationale: In primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary
compensates for low thyroid hormones by increasing
TSH.
,5. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
6. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
, 7. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
8. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2. Which organ is most affected in Wilson’s disease?
A. Pancreas
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Spleen
Answer: C
Rationale: Wilson’s disease involves copper
accumulation, primarily affecting the liver and brain.
,3. The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis
involves:
A. Non-inflammatory joint degeneration
B. Immune complex-mediated joint inflammation
C. Viral infection of the synovium
D. Cartilage trauma
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is an autoimmune disease where
immune complexes attack synovial joints, causing
inflammation and destruction.
4. In hypothyroidism, which of the following is
typically elevated?
A. T3
B. T4
C. TSH
D. Calcitonin
Answer: C
Rationale: In primary hypothyroidism, the pituitary
compensates for low thyroid hormones by increasing
TSH.
,5. What is the most common initial symptom of
colorectal cancer?
A. Diarrhea
B. Hematemesis
C. Change in bowel habits or occult bleeding
D. Weight gain
Answer: C
Rationale: Colorectal cancer often presents
insidiously with altered bowel habits or blood in
stool.
6. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
, 7. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
8. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
