1. Which hormone is most deficient in central
diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (vasopressin)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
Answer: B
Rationale: Central DI is due to a deficiency of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and
polydipsia.
2. Which of the following conditions results from a
mutation in the dystrophin gene?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Guillain-Barré syndrome
Answer: B
,Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused
by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to
progressive muscle weakness.
3. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
Rationale: Septic shock presents with high CO
initially and peripheral vasodilation due to
inflammation.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
,Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
6. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
, Answer: B
Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
7. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
8. A myocardial infarction causes myocardial cell
death primarily due to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion
D. Aortic dissection
diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (vasopressin)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
Answer: B
Rationale: Central DI is due to a deficiency of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and
polydipsia.
2. Which of the following conditions results from a
mutation in the dystrophin gene?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Guillain-Barré syndrome
Answer: B
,Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused
by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to
progressive muscle weakness.
3. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
Rationale: Septic shock presents with high CO
initially and peripheral vasodilation due to
inflammation.
4. Which of the following is the most common cause
of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Polycystic kidney disease
,Answer: C
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of
CKD due to chronic hyperglycemia damaging
nephrons.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature
of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is marked by massive
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
6. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
, Answer: B
Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
7. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
8. A myocardial infarction causes myocardial cell
death primarily due to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion
D. Aortic dissection
