1. Which organ is primarily affected in hepatitis?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Kidney
Answer: B
Rationale: Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the
liver, commonly due to viruses.
2. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
,3. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
4. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
,5. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
6. Which of the following contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Low LDL
C. Endothelial injury
D. Low blood pressure
Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial injury is the initiating event in
atherosclerosis, allowing lipid accumulation and
inflammation.
, 7. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
8. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Kidney
Answer: B
Rationale: Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the
liver, commonly due to viruses.
2. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
,3. What is the most likely cause of acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)?
A. Autoimmune destruction of tubules
B. Prolonged hypotension or nephrotoxic drugs
C. Viral infection
D. Obstruction from kidney stones
Answer: B
Rationale: ATN is commonly caused by ischemia or
nephrotoxins leading to tubular cell injury and
necrosis.
4. Which of the following is a feature of chronic
inflammation?
A. Neutrophil predominance
B. Immediate onset
C. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
D. Short duration
Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic inflammation involves prolonged
tissue injury with mononuclear cell infiltration.
,5. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
6. Which of the following contributes to the
development of atherosclerosis?
A. Elevated HDL
B. Low LDL
C. Endothelial injury
D. Low blood pressure
Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial injury is the initiating event in
atherosclerosis, allowing lipid accumulation and
inflammation.
, 7. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
8. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
