Summary #8 personalities in social & cultural context
Reciprocal influence personality/environment through:
1. Situational selection
= people choose to enter some & avoid other situations (hinges on personality traits)
Example
= mate selection
Personality characteristics; major role in mate selection
Important = mutual attraction
Desired characteristics (Buss et al., 1990)
- Dependable character (C)
- Emotional stability (N)
- Pleasing disposition (A)
Desired characteristics (Lippa, 2007)
Intelligence (O)
Humor (E)
Honesty (C)
Kindness (A)
Good looks
Most desired characteristics are linked to PERSONALITY
Complementary needs theory
= opposites attract (disproven)
Attraction similarity theory
= people with similar personality characteristics attract (proven in meta analysis)
Assortative mating
= generally drawn to those we share personality characteristics with. People in long term
relationships share many similarities. (correlations in height, weight, preferences)
either:
1. Become more similar through the relationship
2. Similar people = + chance on long-term relationship
Proximity principle
= close + similarity + good selection
e.g.; much similarity at uni (same intelligence/motivation)
partner that deviates from ideal - satisfaction
HOWEVER; high levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness
more important to satisfaction than having ‘ideal’ partner.
Satisfaction predictors
- High: agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness
- Optimism
- Dependability
- Similarity personality profile
- Matching the conception of an ‘ideal’ partner
, Breakups:
Violation of desire theory
break-up + likely when desires are violated
Predictors of break-up
- low impulse control
- Dominance condescending
- Low conscientiousness extramarital affairs
- Low openness rejection, self-absorbed, withholding (sexually), distant
BUT MAINLY:
- Low agreeableness neglecting, rejection, abusive, self-centered
- Neuroticism moody, irritable, jealous, possessive.
These traits/behaviors evoke negative emotions in the partner break-up
2. Evocation
= the way in which features of personality elicit (a predictable) reaction from others.
Hostile attributional bias
= the tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain/unclear
behavior (mostly done by aggressive people themselves they expect people to be hostile)
Personality evocation of anger/upset (- agreeableness/emotional stability) break-up
Expectancy confirmation = self-fulfilling prophecy
= beliefs/expectations about personality evoke that specific behavior initial
expectation is reinforced.
Pygmalion effect
+ expectations by peers/teachers/parents + likely to have a good outcome/performance
Personality can, through evocation, create the social environment to which one is exposed
3. Manipulation
Social influence tactics, with which people intentionally try to change the behavior of others
(not necessarily a negative connotation)
Taxonomy of eleven tactics of manipulation
1. Charm
2. Coercion
3. Silent treatment
4. Reason
5. Regression
6. Self-abasement personality plays a role in which tactics
7. Hardball are chosen
8. Responsibility invocation
9. Pleasure induction
10. Social comparison
11. Monetary reward
Both men & women use all these tactics, women use manipulation more often.
Reciprocal influence personality/environment through:
1. Situational selection
= people choose to enter some & avoid other situations (hinges on personality traits)
Example
= mate selection
Personality characteristics; major role in mate selection
Important = mutual attraction
Desired characteristics (Buss et al., 1990)
- Dependable character (C)
- Emotional stability (N)
- Pleasing disposition (A)
Desired characteristics (Lippa, 2007)
Intelligence (O)
Humor (E)
Honesty (C)
Kindness (A)
Good looks
Most desired characteristics are linked to PERSONALITY
Complementary needs theory
= opposites attract (disproven)
Attraction similarity theory
= people with similar personality characteristics attract (proven in meta analysis)
Assortative mating
= generally drawn to those we share personality characteristics with. People in long term
relationships share many similarities. (correlations in height, weight, preferences)
either:
1. Become more similar through the relationship
2. Similar people = + chance on long-term relationship
Proximity principle
= close + similarity + good selection
e.g.; much similarity at uni (same intelligence/motivation)
partner that deviates from ideal - satisfaction
HOWEVER; high levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness
more important to satisfaction than having ‘ideal’ partner.
Satisfaction predictors
- High: agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness
- Optimism
- Dependability
- Similarity personality profile
- Matching the conception of an ‘ideal’ partner
, Breakups:
Violation of desire theory
break-up + likely when desires are violated
Predictors of break-up
- low impulse control
- Dominance condescending
- Low conscientiousness extramarital affairs
- Low openness rejection, self-absorbed, withholding (sexually), distant
BUT MAINLY:
- Low agreeableness neglecting, rejection, abusive, self-centered
- Neuroticism moody, irritable, jealous, possessive.
These traits/behaviors evoke negative emotions in the partner break-up
2. Evocation
= the way in which features of personality elicit (a predictable) reaction from others.
Hostile attributional bias
= the tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain/unclear
behavior (mostly done by aggressive people themselves they expect people to be hostile)
Personality evocation of anger/upset (- agreeableness/emotional stability) break-up
Expectancy confirmation = self-fulfilling prophecy
= beliefs/expectations about personality evoke that specific behavior initial
expectation is reinforced.
Pygmalion effect
+ expectations by peers/teachers/parents + likely to have a good outcome/performance
Personality can, through evocation, create the social environment to which one is exposed
3. Manipulation
Social influence tactics, with which people intentionally try to change the behavior of others
(not necessarily a negative connotation)
Taxonomy of eleven tactics of manipulation
1. Charm
2. Coercion
3. Silent treatment
4. Reason
5. Regression
6. Self-abasement personality plays a role in which tactics
7. Hardball are chosen
8. Responsibility invocation
9. Pleasure induction
10. Social comparison
11. Monetary reward
Both men & women use all these tactics, women use manipulation more often.
