Human Anatomy and Physiology - C875 Verified Practice Questions And 100% Correct Answers.

Posterior (dorsal) - correct answer toward the back Dorsal - correct answer toward the back Superior - correct answer toward the head Superficial - correct answer near the surface Medial - correct answer toward the midline Lateral - correct answer toward the side, away from the midline Deep - correct answer away from the surface of the body (internal) Proximal - correct answer closer to the trunk of the body Ventral - correct answer toward the front or belly (anterior) Inferior - correct answer toward the bottom of the body or towards the feet (caudal) Distal - correct answer Farther from the trunk of the body Anterior - correct answer toward the front, toward the belly (ventral) Integumentary System - correct answer Outer protective barrier, helps prevent excessive fluid loss to maintain proper hydration. Works with nervous system for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold. Helps control thermoregulation by sweating and dilating blood vessels when hot and constricting blood vessels when cold. Epidermis (surrounding) - correct answer - Avascular - Stratified squamous epithelial cells - Keratinocytes (helps with waterproofing) - Melanocytes (color/melanin) - Langerhans cells (immunity) - Merkel cells (sensory) - Cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor) Dermis (largest segment) - correct answer - Vascular - Connective tissue (collagen and elastin) - Phagocytic cells - Sensory receptors: free nerve endings, bulbous, tactile, lamellar corpuscles, hair follicle plexus - Response to temperature changes: sweat glands, vasodilation with heat, vasoconstriction with cold Hypodermis (lowest) - correct answer - Connective tissue: adipose (fat cells), arolar - Vascular - Site of hypodermal injections Integumentary System - Changes in Temperature - correct answer Heat - blood vessels vasodilate, blood to upper dermis to release heat and sweat glands become active Cold - blood vessels vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow and retain heat. Skin can turn blue due to decreased blood flow. Hair can help trap air against the body to retain heat. Major Functions of the Skeletal System - correct answer - support body structure, shapes the body and supports the internal organs. - protects vital organs - movement: muscle attachment, allows for locomotion - maintenance of homeostasis: stores and releases inorganic molecules such as calcium and phosphorus - homeostasis: production of red blood cells from bone marrow Cartilage - correct answer smooths and cushions the bone surface for easy articulations Process of Endochondral Ossification - correct answer - hyaline cartilage template is formed - chondrocytes produce cartilage, growing the template - osteoblasts deposit bone around the cartilage model - marrow cavities form and diaphysis ossify - epiphyses ossify Function of Bone Marrow - correct answer blood cells are formed from precursor stem cells in the red bone marrow through hematopoiesis Skeletal Muscle - correct answer - voluntary - striated (have sarcomeres) - moves bones - multinucleated - i.e. trapezoids, deltoids, gluteus maximus, hamstrings Smooth Muscle - correct answer - involuntary - smooth (no sarcomeres) - movement of internal organs and vessels - single nucleus - i.e. bladder and digestive tract Cardiac Muscle - correct answer - involuntary - striated (have sarcomeres) - found only in the heart - single nucleus Sarcolemma - correct answer - plasma membrane of a muscle fiber - place where the nerve communicates with the muscle cells - where you can find sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of the cell) T-Tubules - correct answer - transverse tubules - indentations of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell - filled with extracellular fluid - conduct the action potential from the cell surface deep into the interior of the muscle cells Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer - similar to smooth e.r. in other cells - surrounds myofibril and are filled with fluid that has a high concentration of calcium Sarcomere - correct answer - fundamental functional unit of a muscle - one myocyte may contain as many as 100,000 of the repeating sarcomere units along its myofibrilis - the myofilaments are organized into parallel units; thick filaments of myosin are parallel to thin filaments of actin Tendons - correct answer - elastic connective tissue connecting muscles to bones - can help ligaments to stabilize joints - bursae join to tendons to reduce friction Ligaments - correct answer tough connective tissue connecting bones to other bones Aponeurosis - correct answer broad sheets of connective tissue (similar to a wide, flat tendon) connecting muscles to bones Neuromuscular Junction - correct answer - the place where the nervous system interacts with the muscular system - motor neurons - ACh: acetylcholine - muscle cell: sarcolemma of motor end plate Central Nervous System (CNS) - correct answer - upper system - contains the brain and spinal cord - myelin sheath: all equal dendrites Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - correct answer - lower system - peripheral nerves: throughout the body - two subdivisions - sensory division afferent (to CNS) - motor division efferent (from CNS) - myelin sheath/schwann cells Myelin Sheath - correct answer myelin sheaths are there to insulate the axon for faster conduction of the electrical signal Ependymal Cells - correct answer found in brain ventricles and serve to line the ventricles Astrocytes - correct answer among the most abundant; found in the blood brain barrier helping to allow selective permeable nutrients into the brain Microglia - correct answer "attach dogs" - tag foreign invaders for destruction Oligodendrocytes - correct answer creates the myelin sheath Synapse - correct answer the conversation between the cells Pre-synaptic Cell - correct answer cell that is sending the information; "speaker" Post-synaptic Cell - correct answer cell that is hearing the information; "listener" Synaptic Cleft - correct answer space between the axon terminals of the pre-synaptic cell and the dendrites of the post-synaptic cell; "personal space" Neurotransmitters - correct answer chemicals released by the pre-synaptic cell that binds to the post-synaptic cell, enabling the post-synaptic cell to "hear" the message Axon Terminals - correct answer where the neurotransmitters are received Dendrites - correct answer receives information from other nerons/cells Action Potential - correct answer a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon Cerebrospinal Fluid - correct answer - fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord - this fluid provides additional cushion to the brain and the CNS as well as maintaining the extracellular chemical environment Meninges - correct answer - the multi-layer connective tissue that protects the CNS - dura mater: thickest and strongest layer - arachnoid mater: (spiderweb) brain cushion - pia mater: thin membrane that hugs the brain Pons - correct answer - next most inferior feature of the brain - forward facing bulge in the brainstem above the medulla oblongata - relays signals between cerebrum and cerebellum, including sleep, hearing, taste, and posture Cerebellum - correct answer - highly folded structure in the back of the brain, behind the pons - split into the hemispheres - muscular coordination, spatial perception, and tactile perception - also some planning and scheduling tasks Medulla Oblongata - correct answer - contains nuclei that control many basic functions - cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, and many involuntary functions - swallowing, coughing, salivating, sweating, and gastrointestinal secretions Thalamus - correct answer involved in the relaying of sensory signals and are also involved in memory and emotions Hypothalamus - correct answer - set of nuclei situated under the thalamus - controls the endocrine system - involved in autonomic functions - thermoregulation, food and water intake, biological cycles, and emotions Cerebrum - correct answer - major anatomic feature of the human brain - made of lobes - lobes are distinct from ventral to dorsal and control different functions Frontal Lobe - correct answer - ventral lobe - involved in voluntary motor functions: planning and foresight, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement, and aggression Parietal Lobe - correct answer - behind the frontal lobe - involved in sensory reception and integration Temporal Lobe - correct answer - each hemisphere sits under the parietal lobe - has roles in hearing, smell, learning, memory, visual recognition, and emotional behavior - auditory cortex - hearing - identified specifically within parietal lobe Occipital Lobe - correct answer - furthest rear - visual processing center - responsible for sight Spinal Column - correct answer the enclosure for the entire length of the cord Vertebrae - correct answer the divisions of the spinal column into the regions based on the anatomical locations - cervical (neck, arms, hands, diaphragm): c1-c7 - thoracic (abdomen): t1-t12 - lumbar (legs, feet): l1-l5 - sacrum and coccyx: s1-s5 Sympathetic Nervous System - correct answer "fight or flight", "hyper arousal", "acute stress" - has excitatory effect -