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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology

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NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), liver The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: 1. Pyruvate -- lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis 2. Oxaloacetate -- malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia 3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -- glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein synthesis, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria What is the body's defense against ROS? Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) How are free radicals produced? 1. Normal cellular respiration 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light) 3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides 4. Transition of metals 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical action potential Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -- the neuron depolarizes -- then repolarizes Threshold potential Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential Hypokalemia and action potentials HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias Hyperkalemia and action potentials HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves. When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis Hypocalcemia and action potentials Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias. Hypercalcemia and action potentials Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves Atrophy Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death. Atrophy examples Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood. Disuse atrophy- someone that

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SSI Complete Exam Questions With Answers Graded
A+
The event that led to the use of the acronym SCUBA to describe diving was:

A. Post-WWII equipment refinements
B. The invention of the diving helmet in circa 1800
C. The development of the demand regulator in 1943
D. The development of air pumps in the 19th century
C. The development of the demand regulator in 1943


Absolute pressure is defined as:

A. The pressure at the surface plus 1 ata
B. The weight of the water that surrounds the diver
C. The total pressure exerted on an object
D. All answers are correct
C. The total pressure exerted on an object


Gauge pressure is defined as:

A. The depth reading on a gauge
B. The pressure at the surface
C. Hydrostatic pressure minus 1 ata
D. Absolute pressure minus 1 ata
D. Absolute pressure minus 1 ata


One atmosphere of pressure is defined as:

A. 1 ata
B. Each 33 feet of depth in sea water
C. Each 34 feet of depth in freshwater
D. All answers are correct
D. All answers are correct


The greatest relative pressure change in seawater takes place between ____ and ____ feet.

A. 0/33
B. 33/66
C. 66/99
D. 99/132
A. 0/33 feet (0-10 meters)


If you experience pain in the ear during descent:

A. Continue the descent while gently exhaling into the mask
B. Stop the descent and ascend until the pain stops
C. Abort the dive
D. Place a finger in the ear canal and gently massage the ear until the pain ceases
B. Stop the descent and ascend until the pain stops

, Underwater, the bending of light rays causes objects to appear to be _______.

A. Closer
B. Farther away
C. The same as the surface
D. At an angle consistent with the bend of light
A. Closer


Body heat is lost underwater at a rate of ______ than in air.

A. 10 times slower
B. 50 times faster
C. 25 to 30 times faster
D. same
C. 25 to 30 times faster


A high pressure scuba cylinder should be stored:

A. Lying flat with no air
B. With the valve slightly open to allow air expansion
C. Secured with a minimum of 500 to 750 psi
D. Secured with the valve open
C. Secured with a minimum of 500 to 750 psi


A scuba tank for recreational diving should be filled with:

A. A mixture of helium and oxygen
B. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen
C. Pure, filtered compressed air or Nitrox
D. Pure oxygen
C. Pure, filtered compressed air or Nitrox


One of the primary factors contributing to heat loss for divers is:

A. Convection
B. Refraction
C. Absorption
D. Diffusion
A. Convection


The Delivery System components are:

A. A regulator and an alternate air source
B. A regulator, buoyancy compensation device, and a high pressure air cylinder
C. A regulator, alternate air source, and a high pressure scuba cylinder
D. A regulator and high pressure pressure air cylinder
C. A regulator, alternate air source, and a high pressure scuba cylinder


During normal diving activities, divers should never exceed an ascent rate of ____ feet per minute.

A. 20

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