Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5350 Exam 3

Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5350 Exam 3 What is a cough? Protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration. Acute cough: 2-3 weeks Chronic cough: longer than 3 weeks. Causes: Post nasal drip, GERD, medications (ACE). Hypoventilation vs. Hyperventilation? Hypo: Alveolar ventilation is INADEQUATE: leads to RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS. Hyper: Alveolar ventilation EXCEEDS metabolic demands: Leads to RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS. What is clubbing? A painless enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes that develops over time due to chronic hypoxia (COPD, CF, Pulmonary fibrosis, CHD). What is Hypoxemia vs. Hypoxia? Hypoxemia is low arterial blood oxygen content. Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen level in the tissues/cells. What is pneomothorax? Presence of air or gas in pleural space. Open vs tension pneumothorax? Open: Air pressure in pleural space equals barometric pressure . Tension: Site of pleural rupture acts as one way valve permitting air to enter on inspiration but prevents its escape by closing during expiration. What is pleural effusion? Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. Empyema: Pus What is Empyema? Pus in the pleural space. Treatment: Antimicrobial medications and DRAINAGE of pleural space with chest tube. What is bronchiectasis? Persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi by DESTRUCTION OF THE ELASTIC OR MUSCULAR COMPONENTS OF THE BRONCHIAL WALL OR LUMEN OBSTRUCTION. What is Bronchitis? Inflammation of the bronchial tubes - usually caused by viruses. What is bronchiolitis? Diffuse inflammation of smallest airways or bronchioles (which are located on the most distal end of bronchi before the alveoli. What is asthma? How does genetics and environment play a role in childhood asthma?WHa Chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa. Causes bronchial hyper responsiveness, constriction of the airways and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible. Allergies are a key component as many attacks are due to allergic response. Childhood asthma: Genetics: genes that code for increased levels of immune and inflammatory mediators (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IgE, and leukotrienes). What is COPD? Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Usually progressive and associated with chronic bronchitis