III
Functional group Suffix General formula Example
-P -ane
H
Alkanes CnHan Propane
+ 2
Alkenes HCH
-ene En Han but-2-ene
C = C Alkenyl
&
Alkynes -yne EnHan-z but -2 -yne CHzCECCHz
-
C =
cyny)
Arenes
-
I
benzene
-
E
-pheny
E In Han-6 Colty -
-
Halogenoalkanes -
EnHan iX 2-chlorobutane
-
:F
+
-X (
:
Alcohols -ol ROH butan-2-ol -c c - -
c -
-
H
I
Ketones
carbony -one
propanone
i I
co
Aldehydes
alden -al R CHO ethanal -i -
-H
Carboxylic acids ethanoic acid c c
-oic acid R Cool
- -
CP H
I
carboxy)
-
Oester methyl ethanoate
!
Esters -oate
- RCOOR
Ethers -
o -
ROR ethoxyethane
-
H
Amines propan - 1-amine -- c =
-
-
-
N - -
N
-amine RNH2 RNHR RN(R) R
,
N-methylethanamine
, ,
4 v-
-
-
-
Amides
- Pamido -amide RCON ethanamide -
i co
I
-
NHz
Nitriles Cen propanenitrile
- -nitrile RCN
-- -
c = v
, Homologous series Alkane Alcohol Green chemistry
• make one compound from a different compound
• each member has the same functional group Ch ,
Sc CHz [CH- • harming nature as minimal as possible
• each member has the same general formula OH
CzHg CHy
-
• each members has similar chemical properties Olt Not considered in green chemistry:
CyHq
-
CyH
• waste water management
,o
• can members differ by CH2 or 8 electrons 12. Accident
• members have gradually changing physical properties (ex, boiling point, melting point, density) • waste sea management 11. Pollution prevention
prevention 1. Prevent waste
• as homologous series ascends, size of molecule increases (ex increases boiling point) A
7
D
10. Design for 2. Atom economy
degradation
7
&
Primary, secondary, tertiary carbon (1,2,3 degrees)
Green chemistry S 3. Less hazardous synthesis
9. Use catalyst *
CH
3
2Hz
↑
PH3 8. Reduce derivatives
↓
*
4. Safer chemicals
↑
C C X
H C CHz 5. Safer solvent & conditions
-
CHz
-
↳ z
7. Using renewable
-
6. Increase
ciz
I I
feedstock energy efficiency
H H
-
20
10 30 Aromatic reaction pathway
• these reactions involve the replacement of one substituent on the ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon,
commonly a H-atom, by a different substitution group
Primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols
-
C-
↑
↑
↑
T -
Benzene
30260
conc
-
. HNOz/HeS04
Nitrobenzene Reduction
ra -
Aneline (phenylamine)
↑
Substitution reaction,
-i c
↑
-i -
of
- -
c
I
-
c
I
-
I
C -
C
I
Electrophilic
I I
I OH
Ol
:
3
i
&
2
# carbons attached to the carbon bonded OH
Functional group Suffix General formula Example
-P -ane
H
Alkanes CnHan Propane
+ 2
Alkenes HCH
-ene En Han but-2-ene
C = C Alkenyl
&
Alkynes -yne EnHan-z but -2 -yne CHzCECCHz
-
C =
cyny)
Arenes
-
I
benzene
-
E
-pheny
E In Han-6 Colty -
-
Halogenoalkanes -
EnHan iX 2-chlorobutane
-
:F
+
-X (
:
Alcohols -ol ROH butan-2-ol -c c - -
c -
-
H
I
Ketones
carbony -one
propanone
i I
co
Aldehydes
alden -al R CHO ethanal -i -
-H
Carboxylic acids ethanoic acid c c
-oic acid R Cool
- -
CP H
I
carboxy)
-
Oester methyl ethanoate
!
Esters -oate
- RCOOR
Ethers -
o -
ROR ethoxyethane
-
H
Amines propan - 1-amine -- c =
-
-
-
N - -
N
-amine RNH2 RNHR RN(R) R
,
N-methylethanamine
, ,
4 v-
-
-
-
Amides
- Pamido -amide RCON ethanamide -
i co
I
-
NHz
Nitriles Cen propanenitrile
- -nitrile RCN
-- -
c = v
, Homologous series Alkane Alcohol Green chemistry
• make one compound from a different compound
• each member has the same functional group Ch ,
Sc CHz [CH- • harming nature as minimal as possible
• each member has the same general formula OH
CzHg CHy
-
• each members has similar chemical properties Olt Not considered in green chemistry:
CyHq
-
CyH
• waste water management
,o
• can members differ by CH2 or 8 electrons 12. Accident
• members have gradually changing physical properties (ex, boiling point, melting point, density) • waste sea management 11. Pollution prevention
prevention 1. Prevent waste
• as homologous series ascends, size of molecule increases (ex increases boiling point) A
7
D
10. Design for 2. Atom economy
degradation
7
&
Primary, secondary, tertiary carbon (1,2,3 degrees)
Green chemistry S 3. Less hazardous synthesis
9. Use catalyst *
CH
3
2Hz
↑
PH3 8. Reduce derivatives
↓
*
4. Safer chemicals
↑
C C X
H C CHz 5. Safer solvent & conditions
-
CHz
-
↳ z
7. Using renewable
-
6. Increase
ciz
I I
feedstock energy efficiency
H H
-
20
10 30 Aromatic reaction pathway
• these reactions involve the replacement of one substituent on the ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon,
commonly a H-atom, by a different substitution group
Primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols
-
C-
↑
↑
↑
T -
Benzene
30260
conc
-
. HNOz/HeS04
Nitrobenzene Reduction
ra -
Aneline (phenylamine)
↑
Substitution reaction,
-i c
↑
-i -
of
- -
c
I
-
c
I
-
I
C -
C
I
Electrophilic
I I
I OH
Ol
:
3
i
&
2
# carbons attached to the carbon bonded OH
