NUR 206 Exam 2 detailed Questions and Answers_100% A+ Graded

NUR 206 Exam 2 detailed Questions and Answers_100% A+ Graded Critical Thinking in Nursing - CORRECT ANSWER-Critical thinking is a complex, purposeful, disciplined process that has specific characteristics that make it 216different from typical problem solving. Critical thinking in nursing is undergirded by the standards and ethics of the profession. Consciously developed to improve patient outcomes, critical thinking by the nurse is driven by the needs of the patient and family. Nurses who think critically are engaged in a process of constant evaluation, redirection, improvement, and increased efficiency. (pg 215) Steps in the Nursing Process - CORRECT ANSWER-Phase 1:Assessment is the initial phase or operation in the nursing process. During this phase, information or data about the individual patient, family, or community are gathered. Data may include physiologic, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, spiritual, and environmental information. The patient's available financial or material resources also need to be assessed and recorded in a standard format; each institution will have its distinct method of collecting and recording assessment data. Phase 2:Analysis and Identification of the Problem Phase 3:Planning Phase 4:Implementation, the fourth phase or operation of the nursing process, occurs when nursing orders are actually carried out. Phase 5:Evaluation is the final phase of the nursing process. In this phase, the nurse examines the patient's progress in relation to the goals and outcome criteria to determine whether a problem is resolved, is in the process of being resolved, or is unresolved. In other words, the outcome criteria are the basis for evaluation of the goal. Evaluation may reveal that data, diagnosis, goals, and nursing interventions were all on target and that the problem is resolved. (pg 225) Writing the Care Plan - CORRECT ANSWER-Some health care agencies use individually developed plans of care for their patients. The nurse creates and develops a plan for each patient. Others use standardized plans of care that are based on common and recurring problems. The nurse then individualizes these standard plans of care. An advantage of using standardized plans is that they can decrease the time spent in generating a completely new plan each time a patient is seen. These plans are easily generated in the EHR, with the nurse making selections from menus to individualize the plan to the particular patient. The amount of time needed to update and document these plans is then minimized. The development of appropriate plans of care depends on the nurse's ability to use critical thinking. Nurses must be able to analyze information and arguments, make reasoned decisions, recognize many viewpoints, and question and seek answers continuously. At the same time, nurses must be logical, flexible, and creative and take initiative while considering the holistic nature of each patient. Medical VS Nursing Diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Nursing diagnosis is different from medical diagnosis and was never intended to be a substitute. Rather than focusing on what is wrong with the patient in terms of a disease process, a nursing diagnosis identifies the problems the patient is experiencing as a result of the disease process, that is, the human responses to the illness, injury, or threat. An important difference between nursing diagnosis and medical diagnosis is that nursing diagnoses address patient problems that nurses can treat within their scope of practice. Types of Nursing Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER-Nursing interventions are of three basic types: independent, dependent, or interdependent. Independent Nursing Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER-are those for which the nurse's intervention requires no supervision or direction by others, and are within their scope 225of practice as defined by their state nurse practice act. Nurses have the knowledge and skills to carry out independent actions safely. An example of an independent nursing intervention is teaching a patient how to breastfeed her newborn infant. Dependent Nursing Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER-require instructions, written prescriptions, or supervision of another health professional with prescriptive authority. These actions require knowledge and skills on the part of the nurse but may not be done without explicit directions. An example of a dependent nursing intervention is the administration of medications. Although a physician or advanced practice nurse must prescribe medications in inpatient settings, it is the responsibility of the nurse to know how to administer them safely and to monitor their effectiveness. The nurse also must question prescriptions that he or she thinks are incongruent with safe care or are not within accepted standards of care. Interdependent Nursing Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER-includes actions in which the nurse must collaborate or consult with another health professional before carrying