HN 308 Questions and Answers 2024| Exam Review
The most common digestible polysaccharide in plants **** Starch
2 Forms of Starch **** amylose (15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%)
Major form of stored carbohydrate in animals **** Glycogen
The most important dietary carbohydrates nutritionally **** Poly- and di- saccharides
What is the only type of carbohydrate that can be absorbed by the GI tract into the
bloodstream? **** Monosaccharides
Which digestive enzymes are produced by enterocytes? **** Dextrinase and
disaccharides (dextrinase beaks oligosaccharides into the disaccharides sucrose,
maltose and lactose)
Almost all fructose and galactose are taken up by which organ in the body? **** The
Liver
Where in the body is glucose transport insulin-dependent? **** Skeletal and heart
muscle and adipose tissue
GLUTs are needed in what cells? **** All of them
Glut4 **** cell-type specific and insulin-sensitive
Exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, THE MOST IMPORTANT
TISSUES FOR GLUCOSE DISPOSAL
Hormones that raise blood glucose **** Glucagon - alpha cells
Epinephrine
Growth Hormone
Cortisol
Hormones that lower blood glucose **** Insulin: the only hormone to directly lower
blood glucose. Beta cells
Thyroid hormone: via increasing metabolic rate
Metabolically active tissues/organs that play an important role in glucose disposal after
a meal **** Liver, Skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
, Glycogenesis **** Removal of glucose from blood
Converts glucose into glycogen
Glycogen accounts for ~7% wet weight of the liver
Glycogen in the liver can be broken down into glucose and reenter the bloodstream.
Glucose cannot.
Gluconeogenesis **** Release glucose into blood
Glycemic Index (GI) **** numerical system that compares the affects of different foods
on blood glucose levels.
Test: Increase blood glucose during 2-hour period after consumption. Compare to equal
amount of food from reference.
Glycemic Load (GL) **** Based on quantity and quality of carbohydrate in meal
GL=GI x g of CHO in 1 serving of food / 100
* Long term consumption of high GL foods is associated with increased risk of type 2
diabetes and coronary heart disease
What is the enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen? **** Glycogenin
Glycogenolysis **** Opposite to glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose when energy is demanded
Glycogen catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase, which is positively regulated by
glucagon and epinephrine
Glucose-6-phophatase **** ONLY EXISTS IN THE LIVER
this means only only the liver can generate and release glucose derived from glycogen
into the blood to produce glucose for other cells
Can be used by skeletal muscle but not released into the blood
Glycolysis **** ATP Generation
Degradation of glucose into pyruvate. Dependent on aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions
Occurs in cytosol of all cell types
Glycolysis under aerobic conditions **** Pyruvate enters mitochondria and participates
in TCA cycle. Pyruvate will oxidize into O2 and H2O and
release as energy
Glycolysis under anaerobic conditions **** Pyruvate goes to lactate. Small energy
produced. Only source for erythrocytes.
Nucleus (nickname) **** The Cells Engine
- Initiates and regulates most cellular activity
- Contains majority of cells DNA
The most common digestible polysaccharide in plants **** Starch
2 Forms of Starch **** amylose (15-20%) and amylopectin (80-85%)
Major form of stored carbohydrate in animals **** Glycogen
The most important dietary carbohydrates nutritionally **** Poly- and di- saccharides
What is the only type of carbohydrate that can be absorbed by the GI tract into the
bloodstream? **** Monosaccharides
Which digestive enzymes are produced by enterocytes? **** Dextrinase and
disaccharides (dextrinase beaks oligosaccharides into the disaccharides sucrose,
maltose and lactose)
Almost all fructose and galactose are taken up by which organ in the body? **** The
Liver
Where in the body is glucose transport insulin-dependent? **** Skeletal and heart
muscle and adipose tissue
GLUTs are needed in what cells? **** All of them
Glut4 **** cell-type specific and insulin-sensitive
Exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, THE MOST IMPORTANT
TISSUES FOR GLUCOSE DISPOSAL
Hormones that raise blood glucose **** Glucagon - alpha cells
Epinephrine
Growth Hormone
Cortisol
Hormones that lower blood glucose **** Insulin: the only hormone to directly lower
blood glucose. Beta cells
Thyroid hormone: via increasing metabolic rate
Metabolically active tissues/organs that play an important role in glucose disposal after
a meal **** Liver, Skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
, Glycogenesis **** Removal of glucose from blood
Converts glucose into glycogen
Glycogen accounts for ~7% wet weight of the liver
Glycogen in the liver can be broken down into glucose and reenter the bloodstream.
Glucose cannot.
Gluconeogenesis **** Release glucose into blood
Glycemic Index (GI) **** numerical system that compares the affects of different foods
on blood glucose levels.
Test: Increase blood glucose during 2-hour period after consumption. Compare to equal
amount of food from reference.
Glycemic Load (GL) **** Based on quantity and quality of carbohydrate in meal
GL=GI x g of CHO in 1 serving of food / 100
* Long term consumption of high GL foods is associated with increased risk of type 2
diabetes and coronary heart disease
What is the enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen? **** Glycogenin
Glycogenolysis **** Opposite to glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose when energy is demanded
Glycogen catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase, which is positively regulated by
glucagon and epinephrine
Glucose-6-phophatase **** ONLY EXISTS IN THE LIVER
this means only only the liver can generate and release glucose derived from glycogen
into the blood to produce glucose for other cells
Can be used by skeletal muscle but not released into the blood
Glycolysis **** ATP Generation
Degradation of glucose into pyruvate. Dependent on aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions
Occurs in cytosol of all cell types
Glycolysis under aerobic conditions **** Pyruvate enters mitochondria and participates
in TCA cycle. Pyruvate will oxidize into O2 and H2O and
release as energy
Glycolysis under anaerobic conditions **** Pyruvate goes to lactate. Small energy
produced. Only source for erythrocytes.
Nucleus (nickname) **** The Cells Engine
- Initiates and regulates most cellular activity
- Contains majority of cells DNA
