BIOMG 2800 (Genetics) Prelim 1 2024| Latest Review
Reasons why Mendel used pea plants ** answer** Hermaphrodites (can self
fertilize & cross easily) and discrete phenotypes
Fundamental thing Mendel did ** answer** Count, allowing for systemization
True Breeding Strain ** answer** produces own phenotype
Mendel's Law of Segregation ** answer** 1. One gene controls traits
2. 2 forms of a gene
3. Each individual has 2 alleles
4. Each parent contributes 1 allele
5. One allele is dominant to the other
6. Alleles separate equally to gametes
7. Games unite randomly
8. Equal Parental Contribution
Parental type vs. Recombinant Type ** answer** Parental Type - Resembles
parental phenotype
Recombinant Type - New phenotype distinct from either parental phenotype
Law of Independent Assortment ** answer** Genes are independent units and
assort independently during gamete formation
Phenotype ** answer** Appearance of a trait
Allele ** answer** Form of a gene
Genotype ** answer** Description of alleles
Law of independent assortment allows for ** answer** use of product rule
Exception to alleles being either dominant or recessive ** answer** Incompletely
dominance & Co-dominance
Incompletely dominance ** answer** Heterogeneity produces Intermediate
phenotype
*Can infer recessive trait is non-functional
Co-Dominance ** answer** Both alleles are expressed
, *Both genes are functional
Exception to the in rule that all genotypes are equally viable ** answer** Recessive
lethality - Being homozygous for the recessive allele is lethal
*Can be dominant lethality
Exception to the rule that single genes control only one phenotype ** answer**
Plietropic Gene - One gene that affects multiple phenotypes
Exception to the rule that genes act independently ** answer** Epistasis - One
gene masks the effects of another gene
reciprocal recessive epistasis ** answer** Both genes are epistatic to each other
when they are homozygously recessive
Pathway of where reciprocal recessive epistasis ** answer** Linear pathway w/
multiple genes
Pedigree Key ** answer** Square= male circle=female
Filled in= expression of a genotype
Mutations on phenotypes controlled by multiple genes ** answer** If mutations are
on the same gene, genotype will be expressed in proginy.
If mutations are not on the same gene, wildtype will be expressed in proginy
Locus Heterogeneity ** answer** Same phenotype, different genotype
Redundant Genes ** answer** two or more genes provide the same function
How to determine if phenotype is a result of one or two genes ** answer** Find a
test cross that produces different results in the 1-gene model vs. 2-gene model
Variation in gene expression ** answer** Can produce continuous variation
Things that can affect variation ** answer** Modifier Genes, Environment, Pure
Chance
Penetrance ** answer** % w/ genotype that express expected phenotype
Expressitivity ** answer** Intensity of expression
Metacentric ** answer** Centromere in the middle of the chromsome
Reasons why Mendel used pea plants ** answer** Hermaphrodites (can self
fertilize & cross easily) and discrete phenotypes
Fundamental thing Mendel did ** answer** Count, allowing for systemization
True Breeding Strain ** answer** produces own phenotype
Mendel's Law of Segregation ** answer** 1. One gene controls traits
2. 2 forms of a gene
3. Each individual has 2 alleles
4. Each parent contributes 1 allele
5. One allele is dominant to the other
6. Alleles separate equally to gametes
7. Games unite randomly
8. Equal Parental Contribution
Parental type vs. Recombinant Type ** answer** Parental Type - Resembles
parental phenotype
Recombinant Type - New phenotype distinct from either parental phenotype
Law of Independent Assortment ** answer** Genes are independent units and
assort independently during gamete formation
Phenotype ** answer** Appearance of a trait
Allele ** answer** Form of a gene
Genotype ** answer** Description of alleles
Law of independent assortment allows for ** answer** use of product rule
Exception to alleles being either dominant or recessive ** answer** Incompletely
dominance & Co-dominance
Incompletely dominance ** answer** Heterogeneity produces Intermediate
phenotype
*Can infer recessive trait is non-functional
Co-Dominance ** answer** Both alleles are expressed
, *Both genes are functional
Exception to the in rule that all genotypes are equally viable ** answer** Recessive
lethality - Being homozygous for the recessive allele is lethal
*Can be dominant lethality
Exception to the rule that single genes control only one phenotype ** answer**
Plietropic Gene - One gene that affects multiple phenotypes
Exception to the rule that genes act independently ** answer** Epistasis - One
gene masks the effects of another gene
reciprocal recessive epistasis ** answer** Both genes are epistatic to each other
when they are homozygously recessive
Pathway of where reciprocal recessive epistasis ** answer** Linear pathway w/
multiple genes
Pedigree Key ** answer** Square= male circle=female
Filled in= expression of a genotype
Mutations on phenotypes controlled by multiple genes ** answer** If mutations are
on the same gene, genotype will be expressed in proginy.
If mutations are not on the same gene, wildtype will be expressed in proginy
Locus Heterogeneity ** answer** Same phenotype, different genotype
Redundant Genes ** answer** two or more genes provide the same function
How to determine if phenotype is a result of one or two genes ** answer** Find a
test cross that produces different results in the 1-gene model vs. 2-gene model
Variation in gene expression ** answer** Can produce continuous variation
Things that can affect variation ** answer** Modifier Genes, Environment, Pure
Chance
Penetrance ** answer** % w/ genotype that express expected phenotype
Expressitivity ** answer** Intensity of expression
Metacentric ** answer** Centromere in the middle of the chromsome
