biomg1350 | Prelim 1 | 2024
1-5 um *** average organelle size
25 nm *** average ribosome size
0.1 nm *** single hydrogen atom size
0.2 mm (200 micrometers) *** resolution of unaided eye
0.2 um (200 nm) *** resolution of light microscope
0.2 nm (2 A) *** resolution of electron microscope
Resolving power *** Ability to distinguish 2 close objects; if they are below resolving
power apart, cannot be distinguished with this instrument
transmission electron (beam) microscopy *** microscopy that allows one to see very
fine details in cells, such as organelles, ribosomes, even DNA molecules; Angstroms
light microscopy *** Cells are mostly transparent in these, dyes reveal some structures
flourescence microscopy *** sensitivity (absorb a wavelength, emit something longer)
+ specificity (IMF, antibodies bind to protein of interest, kills cells, static images; GFP
fusion proteins, don't kill cells, gif images); we see reflected/emitted color
primary and secondary antibodies *** primary antibodies against the protein itself,
have to be created in different animals if looking at 2 proteins; secondary antibodies
against the first, has flourescent markers, ok from same animals
GFP *** don't kill cells, its genes can tag along interested protein's genes, variety of
colorful ones
chloroplast, mitochondria *** organelles that contain DNA to encode their proteins and
RNA, double membrane
rough ER *** site of synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins destined for
secretion/to ER lumen (has dots of ribosomes)
smooth ER *** site of synthesis of lipids
golgi apparatus *** site of sorting and modification of membrane and secreted proteins
(from ER)
, lysosomes, peroxisomes *** lysosomes degrade "eaten" materials and worn-out
organelles (autophagy), peroxides degrade toxic substances
50% *** % that cytosol accounts for in cell
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments *** components of cytoskeleton
actin *** major protein of microfilaments
tubulin *** major protein of microtubules
Hooke *** First person to discover cells, published images of cork under microscope,
1655
prokaryotes *** single-cell organisms, biochemically diverse, bacteria, archaea, no
nucleus, no membrane- bound organelles
eukaryotes *** single cell and multicellular, membrane- enclosed organelles,
ribosomes *** located on rough ER (NOT smooth), make membrane and secrete
proteins; made up of 4 RNAs and 79 proteins, binds mRNA and transfers RNAs
endoplasmic reticulum *** interconnected network attached/connected/continuous to
nuclear envelope/membrane, hella invaginated
microfilaments *** assembled from actin, provide cells their shape and contractile
properties
microtubules *** assembled from tubulins, organization and long-range transport of
organelles
intermediate filaments *** assembled from various subunits, cell and tissue strong
integrity, keratin and nails
The __________ __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is
continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. *** nuclear envelope
structure of amino acid *** linear sequence of amino acids, each amino acid has amino
group, carboxyl group, and its R group (side chain) linked to alpha carbon (middle C in
N-C-C backbone)
20 *** amount of different amino acids (different side chains)
peptide bonds *** bonds formed to connect amino acids through a condensation
reaction
1-5 um *** average organelle size
25 nm *** average ribosome size
0.1 nm *** single hydrogen atom size
0.2 mm (200 micrometers) *** resolution of unaided eye
0.2 um (200 nm) *** resolution of light microscope
0.2 nm (2 A) *** resolution of electron microscope
Resolving power *** Ability to distinguish 2 close objects; if they are below resolving
power apart, cannot be distinguished with this instrument
transmission electron (beam) microscopy *** microscopy that allows one to see very
fine details in cells, such as organelles, ribosomes, even DNA molecules; Angstroms
light microscopy *** Cells are mostly transparent in these, dyes reveal some structures
flourescence microscopy *** sensitivity (absorb a wavelength, emit something longer)
+ specificity (IMF, antibodies bind to protein of interest, kills cells, static images; GFP
fusion proteins, don't kill cells, gif images); we see reflected/emitted color
primary and secondary antibodies *** primary antibodies against the protein itself,
have to be created in different animals if looking at 2 proteins; secondary antibodies
against the first, has flourescent markers, ok from same animals
GFP *** don't kill cells, its genes can tag along interested protein's genes, variety of
colorful ones
chloroplast, mitochondria *** organelles that contain DNA to encode their proteins and
RNA, double membrane
rough ER *** site of synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins destined for
secretion/to ER lumen (has dots of ribosomes)
smooth ER *** site of synthesis of lipids
golgi apparatus *** site of sorting and modification of membrane and secreted proteins
(from ER)
, lysosomes, peroxisomes *** lysosomes degrade "eaten" materials and worn-out
organelles (autophagy), peroxides degrade toxic substances
50% *** % that cytosol accounts for in cell
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments *** components of cytoskeleton
actin *** major protein of microfilaments
tubulin *** major protein of microtubules
Hooke *** First person to discover cells, published images of cork under microscope,
1655
prokaryotes *** single-cell organisms, biochemically diverse, bacteria, archaea, no
nucleus, no membrane- bound organelles
eukaryotes *** single cell and multicellular, membrane- enclosed organelles,
ribosomes *** located on rough ER (NOT smooth), make membrane and secrete
proteins; made up of 4 RNAs and 79 proteins, binds mRNA and transfers RNAs
endoplasmic reticulum *** interconnected network attached/connected/continuous to
nuclear envelope/membrane, hella invaginated
microfilaments *** assembled from actin, provide cells their shape and contractile
properties
microtubules *** assembled from tubulins, organization and long-range transport of
organelles
intermediate filaments *** assembled from various subunits, cell and tissue strong
integrity, keratin and nails
The __________ __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is
continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. *** nuclear envelope
structure of amino acid *** linear sequence of amino acids, each amino acid has amino
group, carboxyl group, and its R group (side chain) linked to alpha carbon (middle C in
N-C-C backbone)
20 *** amount of different amino acids (different side chains)
peptide bonds *** bonds formed to connect amino acids through a condensation
reaction
