Breaking Into Wall Street Basic Questions | 100%
Correct Answers | Verified 2024 Version
Walk me through the 3 financial statements. - ✔✔"The 3 major financial statements are the Income
Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement.
The Income Statement gives the company's revenue and expenses, and goes down to Net Income, the
final line on the statement.
The Balance Sheet shows the company's Assets - its resources - such as Cash, Inventory and PP&E, as
well as its Liabilities - such as Debt and Accounts Payable - and Shareholders' Equity. Assets must equal
Liabilities plus Shareholders' Equity.
The Cash Flow Statement begins with Net Income, adjusts for non-cash expenses and working capital
changes, and then lists cash flow from investing and financing activities; at the end, you see the
company's net change in cash."
How do the 3 statements link together? - ✔✔"To tie the statements together, Net Income from the
Income Statement flows into Shareholders' Equity on the Balance Sheet, and into the top line of the Cash
Flow Statement.
Changes to Balance Sheet items appear as working capital changes on the Cash Flow Statement, and
investing and financing activities affect Balance Sheet items such as PP&E, Debt and Shareholders'
Equity. The Cash and Shareholders' Equity items on the Balance Sheet act as "plugs," with Cash flowing
in from the final line on the Cash Flow Statement."
If I were stranded on a desert island, only had 1 statement and I wanted to review the overall health of a
company - which statement would I use and why? - ✔✔You would use the Cash Flow Statement because
it gives a true picture of how much cash the company is actually generating, independent of all the non-
cash expenses you might have. And that's the #1 thing you care about when analyzing the overall
financial health of any business - its cash flow.
Let's say I could only look at 2 statements to assess a company's prospects - which 2 would I use and
why? - ✔✔You would pick the Income Statement and Balance Sheet, because you can create the Cash
,Flow Statement from both of those (assuming, of course that you have "before" and "after" versions of
the Balance Sheet that correspond to the same period the Income Statement is tracking).
Walk me through how Depreciation going up by $10 would affect the statements. - ✔✔Income
Statement: Operating Income would decline by $10 and assuming a 40% tax rate, Net Income would go
down by $6.
Cash Flow Statement: The Net Income at the top goes down by $6, but the $10 Depreciation is a non-
cash expense that gets added back, so overall Cash Flow from Operations goes up by $4. There are no
changes elsewhere, so the overall Net Change in Cash goes up by $4.
Balance Sheet: Plants, Property & Equipment goes down by $10 on the Assets side because of the
Depreciation, and Cash is up by $4 from the changes on the Cash Flow Statement.
Overall, Assets is down by $6. Since Net Income fell by $6 as well, Shareholders' Equity on the Liabilities
& Shareholders' Equity side is down by $6 and both sides of the Balance Sheet balance.
If Depreciation is a non-cash expense, why does it affect the cash balance? - ✔✔Although Depreciation is
a non-cash expense, it is tax-deductible. Since taxes are a cash expense, Depreciation affects cash by
reducing the amount of taxes you pay.
What happens when Accrued Compensation goes up by $10? - ✔✔Assuming that's the case, Operating
Expenses on the Income Statement go up by $10, Pre-Tax Income falls by $10, and Net Income falls by $6
(assuming a 40% tax rate).
On the Cash Flow Statement, Net Income is down by $6, and Accrued Compensation will increase Cash
Flow by $10, so overall Cash Flow from Operations is up by $4 and the Net Change in Cash at the bottom
is up by $4.
On the Balance Sheet, Cash is up by $4 as a result, so Assets are up by $4. On the Liabilities & Equity side,
Accrued Compensation is a liability so Liabilities are up by $10 and Retained Earnings are down by $6
due to the Net Income, so both sides balance.
,What happens when Inventory goes up by $10, assuming you pay for it with cash? - ✔✔No changes to
the Income Statement.
On the Cash Flow Statement, Inventory is an asset so that decreases your Cash Flow from Operations - it
goes down by $10, as does the Net Change in Cash at the bottom.
On the Balance Sheet under Assets, Inventory is up by $10 but Cash is down by $10, so the changes
cancel out and Assets still equals Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity.
Why is the Income Statement not affected by changes in Inventory? - ✔✔This is a common interview
mistake - incorrectly stating that Working Capital changes show up on the Income Statement.
In the case of Inventory, the expense is only recorded when the goods associated with it are sold - so if
it's just sitting in a warehouse, it does not count as a Cost of Good Sold or Operating Expense until the
company manufactures it into a product and sells it.
Let's say Apple is buying $100 worth of new iPod factories with debt. How are all 3 statements affected
at the start of "Year 1," before anything else happens? - ✔✔At the start of "Year 1," before anything else
has happened, there would be no changes on Apple's Income Statement (yet).
On the Cash Flow Statement, the additional investment in factories would show up under Cash Flow
from Investing as a net reduction in Cash Flow (so Cash Flow is down by $100 so far). And the additional
$100 worth of debt raised would show up as an addition to Cash Flow, canceling out the investment
activity. So the cash number stays the same.
On the Balance Sheet, there is now an additional $100 worth of factories in the Plants, Property &
Equipment line, so PP&E is up by $100 and Assets is therefore up by $100. On the other side, debt is up
by $100 as well and so both sides balance.
Now let's go out 1 year, to the start of Year 2. Assume the debt is high-yield so no principal is paid off,
and assume an interest rate of 10%. Also assume the factories depreciate at a rate of 10% per year. What
happens? - ✔✔After a year has passed, Apple must pay interest expense and must record the
depreciation.
, Operating Income would decrease by $10 due to the 10% depreciation charge each year, and the $10 in
additional Interest Expense would decrease the Pre-Tax Income by $20 altogether ($10 from the
depreciation and $10 from Interest Expense).
Assuming a tax rate of 40%, Net Income would fall by $12.
On the Cash Flow Statement, Net Income at the top is down by $12. Depreciation is a non-cash expense,
so you add it back and the end result is that Cash Flow from Operations is down by $2.
That's the only change on the Cash Flow Statement, so overall Cash is down by $2.
On the Balance Sheet, under Assets, Cash is down by $2 and PP&E is down by $10 due to the
depreciation, so overall Assets are down by $12.
On the other side, since Net Income was down by $12, Shareholders' Equity is also down by $12 and
both sides balance.
Remember, the debt number under Liabilities does not change since we've assumed none of the debt is
actually paid back.
At the start of Year 3, the factories all break down and the value of the equipment is written down to $0.
The loan must also be paid back now. Walk me through the 3 statements. - ✔✔After 2 years, the value of
the factories is now $80 if we go with the 10% depreciation per year assumption. It is this $80 that we
will write down in the 3 statements.
First, on the Income Statement, the $80 write-down shows up in the Pre-Tax Income line. With a 40% tax
rate, Net Income declines by $48.
On the Cash Flow Statement, Net Income is down by $48 but the write-down is a non cash expense, so
we add it back - and therefore Cash Flow from Operations increases by $32.
There are no changes under Cash Flow from Investing, but under Cash Flow from Financing there is a
$100 charge for the loan payback - so Cash Flow from Investing falls by $100.
Correct Answers | Verified 2024 Version
Walk me through the 3 financial statements. - ✔✔"The 3 major financial statements are the Income
Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement.
The Income Statement gives the company's revenue and expenses, and goes down to Net Income, the
final line on the statement.
The Balance Sheet shows the company's Assets - its resources - such as Cash, Inventory and PP&E, as
well as its Liabilities - such as Debt and Accounts Payable - and Shareholders' Equity. Assets must equal
Liabilities plus Shareholders' Equity.
The Cash Flow Statement begins with Net Income, adjusts for non-cash expenses and working capital
changes, and then lists cash flow from investing and financing activities; at the end, you see the
company's net change in cash."
How do the 3 statements link together? - ✔✔"To tie the statements together, Net Income from the
Income Statement flows into Shareholders' Equity on the Balance Sheet, and into the top line of the Cash
Flow Statement.
Changes to Balance Sheet items appear as working capital changes on the Cash Flow Statement, and
investing and financing activities affect Balance Sheet items such as PP&E, Debt and Shareholders'
Equity. The Cash and Shareholders' Equity items on the Balance Sheet act as "plugs," with Cash flowing
in from the final line on the Cash Flow Statement."
If I were stranded on a desert island, only had 1 statement and I wanted to review the overall health of a
company - which statement would I use and why? - ✔✔You would use the Cash Flow Statement because
it gives a true picture of how much cash the company is actually generating, independent of all the non-
cash expenses you might have. And that's the #1 thing you care about when analyzing the overall
financial health of any business - its cash flow.
Let's say I could only look at 2 statements to assess a company's prospects - which 2 would I use and
why? - ✔✔You would pick the Income Statement and Balance Sheet, because you can create the Cash
,Flow Statement from both of those (assuming, of course that you have "before" and "after" versions of
the Balance Sheet that correspond to the same period the Income Statement is tracking).
Walk me through how Depreciation going up by $10 would affect the statements. - ✔✔Income
Statement: Operating Income would decline by $10 and assuming a 40% tax rate, Net Income would go
down by $6.
Cash Flow Statement: The Net Income at the top goes down by $6, but the $10 Depreciation is a non-
cash expense that gets added back, so overall Cash Flow from Operations goes up by $4. There are no
changes elsewhere, so the overall Net Change in Cash goes up by $4.
Balance Sheet: Plants, Property & Equipment goes down by $10 on the Assets side because of the
Depreciation, and Cash is up by $4 from the changes on the Cash Flow Statement.
Overall, Assets is down by $6. Since Net Income fell by $6 as well, Shareholders' Equity on the Liabilities
& Shareholders' Equity side is down by $6 and both sides of the Balance Sheet balance.
If Depreciation is a non-cash expense, why does it affect the cash balance? - ✔✔Although Depreciation is
a non-cash expense, it is tax-deductible. Since taxes are a cash expense, Depreciation affects cash by
reducing the amount of taxes you pay.
What happens when Accrued Compensation goes up by $10? - ✔✔Assuming that's the case, Operating
Expenses on the Income Statement go up by $10, Pre-Tax Income falls by $10, and Net Income falls by $6
(assuming a 40% tax rate).
On the Cash Flow Statement, Net Income is down by $6, and Accrued Compensation will increase Cash
Flow by $10, so overall Cash Flow from Operations is up by $4 and the Net Change in Cash at the bottom
is up by $4.
On the Balance Sheet, Cash is up by $4 as a result, so Assets are up by $4. On the Liabilities & Equity side,
Accrued Compensation is a liability so Liabilities are up by $10 and Retained Earnings are down by $6
due to the Net Income, so both sides balance.
,What happens when Inventory goes up by $10, assuming you pay for it with cash? - ✔✔No changes to
the Income Statement.
On the Cash Flow Statement, Inventory is an asset so that decreases your Cash Flow from Operations - it
goes down by $10, as does the Net Change in Cash at the bottom.
On the Balance Sheet under Assets, Inventory is up by $10 but Cash is down by $10, so the changes
cancel out and Assets still equals Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity.
Why is the Income Statement not affected by changes in Inventory? - ✔✔This is a common interview
mistake - incorrectly stating that Working Capital changes show up on the Income Statement.
In the case of Inventory, the expense is only recorded when the goods associated with it are sold - so if
it's just sitting in a warehouse, it does not count as a Cost of Good Sold or Operating Expense until the
company manufactures it into a product and sells it.
Let's say Apple is buying $100 worth of new iPod factories with debt. How are all 3 statements affected
at the start of "Year 1," before anything else happens? - ✔✔At the start of "Year 1," before anything else
has happened, there would be no changes on Apple's Income Statement (yet).
On the Cash Flow Statement, the additional investment in factories would show up under Cash Flow
from Investing as a net reduction in Cash Flow (so Cash Flow is down by $100 so far). And the additional
$100 worth of debt raised would show up as an addition to Cash Flow, canceling out the investment
activity. So the cash number stays the same.
On the Balance Sheet, there is now an additional $100 worth of factories in the Plants, Property &
Equipment line, so PP&E is up by $100 and Assets is therefore up by $100. On the other side, debt is up
by $100 as well and so both sides balance.
Now let's go out 1 year, to the start of Year 2. Assume the debt is high-yield so no principal is paid off,
and assume an interest rate of 10%. Also assume the factories depreciate at a rate of 10% per year. What
happens? - ✔✔After a year has passed, Apple must pay interest expense and must record the
depreciation.
, Operating Income would decrease by $10 due to the 10% depreciation charge each year, and the $10 in
additional Interest Expense would decrease the Pre-Tax Income by $20 altogether ($10 from the
depreciation and $10 from Interest Expense).
Assuming a tax rate of 40%, Net Income would fall by $12.
On the Cash Flow Statement, Net Income at the top is down by $12. Depreciation is a non-cash expense,
so you add it back and the end result is that Cash Flow from Operations is down by $2.
That's the only change on the Cash Flow Statement, so overall Cash is down by $2.
On the Balance Sheet, under Assets, Cash is down by $2 and PP&E is down by $10 due to the
depreciation, so overall Assets are down by $12.
On the other side, since Net Income was down by $12, Shareholders' Equity is also down by $12 and
both sides balance.
Remember, the debt number under Liabilities does not change since we've assumed none of the debt is
actually paid back.
At the start of Year 3, the factories all break down and the value of the equipment is written down to $0.
The loan must also be paid back now. Walk me through the 3 statements. - ✔✔After 2 years, the value of
the factories is now $80 if we go with the 10% depreciation per year assumption. It is this $80 that we
will write down in the 3 statements.
First, on the Income Statement, the $80 write-down shows up in the Pre-Tax Income line. With a 40% tax
rate, Net Income declines by $48.
On the Cash Flow Statement, Net Income is down by $48 but the write-down is a non cash expense, so
we add it back - and therefore Cash Flow from Operations increases by $32.
There are no changes under Cash Flow from Investing, but under Cash Flow from Financing there is a
$100 charge for the loan payback - so Cash Flow from Investing falls by $100.
