Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
Introduction
The Dream of worldwide democratic and social republics
The French artist Frederic Sorrieu created a series of four prints starting in 1848 that represented a
future he envisaged as having "Democratic and Social Republics." It depicts men and women of
various ages from both Europe and America marching in a long train and paying respects to the
Statue of Liberty as they pass.
• The painting shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and
social classes marching in long chain and offering homage to the statue of Liberty.
• USA and Switzerland which were already nation states at that time leading the procession and
already passed the statue of liberty while many European nations such as Germany, Austria,
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia
were following them.
• The statue of liberty is a female figure who bears the torch of Enlightenment in one hand
and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
Sorrieu’s Utopian vision
Utopian vision is such an idealistic vision of society that is unlikely to actually exist.
This painting is classified as a utopian vision because:
,Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Habsburg Empire
• Habsburg empire ruled over Austria-Hungary. It was a patchwork of many different regions
and peoples.
• It included the Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria, and the Sudetenland - as well as Bohemia,
where the aristocracy was predominantly German speaking.
• It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
• In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half
spoke a variety of dialects.
• In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
• Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the
boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
Aristocracy was Socially and Politically a dominant class on the continent.
Aristocratic class
• They were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
• They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
• They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
• Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
• This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.
,Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848
The Revolution started, led by the liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite.
Among whom were professors, schoolteachers, clerks, and members of the commercial middle
classes.
July Revolution in France
Louis Philippe
When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold. - Duke Metternich
• The bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after
1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
• Installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
• July revolution in France sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away
from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Greek War of Independence
• This was an event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West
Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
, Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY
THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY
Germany- Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
The liberal middle class Germans in 1848 Tried to unite the different regions of the German
confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-
building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military,
supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
Unification of Germany
After the failed attempt of liberals, Prussia took on the leadership of the
movement for national unification.
• Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process
carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark, and France - ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German
Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
• The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency,
banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
• Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of
Germany.
Italy Unified
• During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only
one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
• The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
• The centre was ruled by the Pope.
• The southern regions were under the domination of the bourbon kings of Spain.
• Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and
local variations.
Contribution of Chief minister Cavour
• Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a
revolutionary nor a democrat.
• Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much
better than he did Italian.
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION
Introduction
The Dream of worldwide democratic and social republics
The French artist Frederic Sorrieu created a series of four prints starting in 1848 that represented a
future he envisaged as having "Democratic and Social Republics." It depicts men and women of
various ages from both Europe and America marching in a long train and paying respects to the
Statue of Liberty as they pass.
• The painting shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and
social classes marching in long chain and offering homage to the statue of Liberty.
• USA and Switzerland which were already nation states at that time leading the procession and
already passed the statue of liberty while many European nations such as Germany, Austria,
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, and Russia
were following them.
• The statue of liberty is a female figure who bears the torch of Enlightenment in one hand
and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
Sorrieu’s Utopian vision
Utopian vision is such an idealistic vision of society that is unlikely to actually exist.
This painting is classified as a utopian vision because:
,Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Habsburg Empire
• Habsburg empire ruled over Austria-Hungary. It was a patchwork of many different regions
and peoples.
• It included the Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria, and the Sudetenland - as well as Bohemia,
where the aristocracy was predominantly German speaking.
• It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
• In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half
spoke a variety of dialects.
• In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
• Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the
boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
Aristocracy was Socially and Politically a dominant class on the continent.
Aristocratic class
• They were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.
• They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
• They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
• Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
• This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.
,Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848
The Revolution started, led by the liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite.
Among whom were professors, schoolteachers, clerks, and members of the commercial middle
classes.
July Revolution in France
Louis Philippe
When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold. - Duke Metternich
• The bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after
1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
• Installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
• July revolution in France sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away
from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Greek War of Independence
• This was an event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West
Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
, Page 1
Class 10th Social Science (History)
01 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY
THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY
Germany- Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
The liberal middle class Germans in 1848 Tried to unite the different regions of the German
confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-
building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military,
supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
Unification of Germany
After the failed attempt of liberals, Prussia took on the leadership of the
movement for national unification.
• Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process
carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark, and France - ended in
Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German
Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
• The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency,
banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
• Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of
Germany.
Italy Unified
• During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only
one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
• The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
• The centre was ruled by the Pope.
• The southern regions were under the domination of the bourbon kings of Spain.
• Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and
local variations.
Contribution of Chief minister Cavour
• Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a
revolutionary nor a democrat.
• Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much
better than he did Italian.
