NURSING RESEARCH CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Research - systematic, disciplined investigation (to produce evidence)
Research Problem
(step by step, committed to the process)
- “What is wrong?”
Nursing research- Purpose: to develop evidence on issues of the nursing
- Curiosity and interests
profession
Statement of Purpose
Goal: improve QOL (quality of life) of patients
- “What do you want to happen?”
Clinical nursing research: Purposes: to guide bedside practice (direct
- aka. Goals (general) and Objectives (specific)
patient care)
Research Question
Basic Concepts
- question to be answered in addressing the research
Basic vs. Applied Research
problem
1) Basic: increase knowledge
- Basic form (PIRD):
2) Applied: find solutions to problems, higher level than basic
In Population(subjects) Independent variable(cause)
Variable (changing) Relationship (connection) with Dependent variable
1) Independent variable (IV): presumed cause
(effect)
2) Dependent variable (DV): presumed effect, aka outcome variable
- E.g. Among older adults (population), is high sugar
3) Confounding/Extraneous Variables - contaminating factors (Extra only/
intake (IV) associated with (relationship) diabetes
Nanggugulo)(Removed in research)
mellitus (DV)?
Relationships
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUR
- connection between two or more phenomena Paraphrase + cite (avoid plagiarism/stealing)
a) Causal relationship - cause-and-effect (100% sure) (if you change Types of Sources
IV=DV will change (stronger than associative) basta may effect na word 1) Primary source: Reports of original researchers
b) Associative relationship - Change in X tends to change Y (just a 2) Secondary source: Reports by someone other than
probability or a chance)(risk factor) original researcher (critique or literature review)
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Primary > Secondary
-Empirical; observed (5 senses, not-Understand human experience CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
hunch -Flexible, evolving procedures, Types of Research Designs
-systematic: logical, planned(fix) improving Quantitative Designs
-Quantitative data: numbers , -Qualitative data: narrative, subjective
I.) True Experimental (or Randomized Controlled Tria
statistics -Naturalistic setting • strongest design (experimental=main treatment)
-Controlled, biases
-3 Features (CRM)
Ethics in Research a.) Control - Control group (for comparison)
Codes of Ethics - protection of research subjects. Priority: Safety - no intervention/ alternative intervention/ placebo
Ethical Principles
- Placebo: false intervention, no value
1) Beneficence: Do good (e.g. medications) (improve patients status)
b.) Randomization - Random assignment to
2) Non-maleficence: Do no harm (e.g.asepsis)(promote safety)
experimental & control groups
3) Justice: equal risks and benefits (fairness)
- Exp and Control Groups are EQUIVALENT.
4) Autonomy: Informed Consent - voluntary decision(right to refuse and
Cancels confounding variables. Decrease Bias
right to withdraw anytime)
c.) Manipulation
5) Veracity: complete information about the study(truthfulness)
- intervention or treatment of experimental group
6) Confidentiality: data not revealed(data secured cabinet/computer)
II.) Quasi-experimental “almost” (CM)
- Anonymity: identity cannot be linked to data (remove identifying info)
- Absence of randomization
Informed Consent (VICS) - accept or X decline participation voluntarily - Experimental and Control groups are NON
- protects principle of autonomy or the right to self-determination
EQUIVALENT. (Can’t cancel CV) (increased bias)
ELEMENTS (VICS) : - Experimental > Quasi-experimental
-Voluntary (no coercion, no bribing) -use if randomization is not possible
- Informed: fully understood III) Non-experimental (Control only)(no treatment)
- Competence: 18 yo up (legal age),coherent (able to decide & sound mind) - Researchers: by-standers; common in nursing
- Signature: (1) Participant, (2) witnesses - When independent variables cannot be manipulated
Research - systematic, disciplined investigation (to produce evidence)
Research Problem
(step by step, committed to the process)
- “What is wrong?”
Nursing research- Purpose: to develop evidence on issues of the nursing
- Curiosity and interests
profession
Statement of Purpose
Goal: improve QOL (quality of life) of patients
- “What do you want to happen?”
Clinical nursing research: Purposes: to guide bedside practice (direct
- aka. Goals (general) and Objectives (specific)
patient care)
Research Question
Basic Concepts
- question to be answered in addressing the research
Basic vs. Applied Research
problem
1) Basic: increase knowledge
- Basic form (PIRD):
2) Applied: find solutions to problems, higher level than basic
In Population(subjects) Independent variable(cause)
Variable (changing) Relationship (connection) with Dependent variable
1) Independent variable (IV): presumed cause
(effect)
2) Dependent variable (DV): presumed effect, aka outcome variable
- E.g. Among older adults (population), is high sugar
3) Confounding/Extraneous Variables - contaminating factors (Extra only/
intake (IV) associated with (relationship) diabetes
Nanggugulo)(Removed in research)
mellitus (DV)?
Relationships
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUR
- connection between two or more phenomena Paraphrase + cite (avoid plagiarism/stealing)
a) Causal relationship - cause-and-effect (100% sure) (if you change Types of Sources
IV=DV will change (stronger than associative) basta may effect na word 1) Primary source: Reports of original researchers
b) Associative relationship - Change in X tends to change Y (just a 2) Secondary source: Reports by someone other than
probability or a chance)(risk factor) original researcher (critique or literature review)
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Primary > Secondary
-Empirical; observed (5 senses, not-Understand human experience CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
hunch -Flexible, evolving procedures, Types of Research Designs
-systematic: logical, planned(fix) improving Quantitative Designs
-Quantitative data: numbers , -Qualitative data: narrative, subjective
I.) True Experimental (or Randomized Controlled Tria
statistics -Naturalistic setting • strongest design (experimental=main treatment)
-Controlled, biases
-3 Features (CRM)
Ethics in Research a.) Control - Control group (for comparison)
Codes of Ethics - protection of research subjects. Priority: Safety - no intervention/ alternative intervention/ placebo
Ethical Principles
- Placebo: false intervention, no value
1) Beneficence: Do good (e.g. medications) (improve patients status)
b.) Randomization - Random assignment to
2) Non-maleficence: Do no harm (e.g.asepsis)(promote safety)
experimental & control groups
3) Justice: equal risks and benefits (fairness)
- Exp and Control Groups are EQUIVALENT.
4) Autonomy: Informed Consent - voluntary decision(right to refuse and
Cancels confounding variables. Decrease Bias
right to withdraw anytime)
c.) Manipulation
5) Veracity: complete information about the study(truthfulness)
- intervention or treatment of experimental group
6) Confidentiality: data not revealed(data secured cabinet/computer)
II.) Quasi-experimental “almost” (CM)
- Anonymity: identity cannot be linked to data (remove identifying info)
- Absence of randomization
Informed Consent (VICS) - accept or X decline participation voluntarily - Experimental and Control groups are NON
- protects principle of autonomy or the right to self-determination
EQUIVALENT. (Can’t cancel CV) (increased bias)
ELEMENTS (VICS) : - Experimental > Quasi-experimental
-Voluntary (no coercion, no bribing) -use if randomization is not possible
- Informed: fully understood III) Non-experimental (Control only)(no treatment)
- Competence: 18 yo up (legal age),coherent (able to decide & sound mind) - Researchers: by-standers; common in nursing
- Signature: (1) Participant, (2) witnesses - When independent variables cannot be manipulated
