Pathophysiology Questions And Answers Verified And Updated Purpose and function of the mitochondria - correct answer.Machine for cellular energy. Transform food energy into ATP Major components of the cell (3 components) - correct answer.Plasma/

Pathophysiology Questions And Answers Verified And Updated Purpose and function of the mitochondria - correct answer.Machine for cellular energy. Transform food energy into ATP Major components of the cell (3 components) - correct answer.Plasma/Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma/Cell Membrane - correct answer.The cell membrane encloses the cell and provides for intracellular and intercellular communication, transport of materials into and out of the cell, and maintenance of the electrical activities that power cell function. Nucleus - correct answer.The nucleus is the control center for the cell. It also contains most of the hereditary material. Cytoplasm - correct answer.Contain organelles. They include the mitochondria, which supply the energy needs of the cell; the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins and other materials needed for cell function; and the lysosomes and proteosomes, which function as the cell's digestive system. 4 Tissue Types - correct answer.- Epithelial - 3 distinct surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion molecules, and are attached firmly to a basement membrane. - Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues together. - Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and shape of internal organs - Nervous - integrated communication system Active transport - correct answer.Any type of transport across the cell membrane that REQUIRES energy as it moves material against the concentration gradient. Passive transport - correct answer.Any type of transport across the cell membrane that does NOT require energy. Facilitated diffusion - correct answer.Type of Passive Transport in which Molecules hitch a ride on transport proteins Hypercalcemia - correct answer.Occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels 6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia - correct answer.- Hyperparathyroidism - Phosphate retention in renal failure - Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization - Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth - Cancer with metastatic bone lesions - Vitamin D intoxication Hypercalcemia causes and its relationship to metastatic calcifications - correct answer.Almost any condition that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate sites such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues - correct answer.-Cells may adapt by undergoing changes in: Size, Number, Type -Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in abnormal amounts Atrophy - correct answer.-Change in size (decrease) -Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions -Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival Hypertrophy - correct answer.-Change in size (increase) Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass -Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions Hyperplasia - correct answer.-Change in number of cells (increase) -Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic (excessive hormone) -Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy -Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen) -Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together Metaplasia - correct answer.-Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type -In response to chronic irritation and inflammation -Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive Conditions in which metaplasia can take place - correct answer.-Excessive drinking of alcohol -Smoking Dysplasia - correct answer.-Deranged cell growth of specific tissue -Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization -Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation -Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated -Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer Intracellular Accumulations - correct answer.-Represent the build-up of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate -Grouped into 3 categories