12 mark
Examine the characteristic of economic and political regionalism
I- economic regionalism has trade integration
D- can go as far as a single currency
Economic liberalisation
Common protectionist measures against other countries
Globalisation sceptics may see it as undermining globalisation
E- ASEAN RCEP - largest free trade area
EU single currency
A- single currency rare
I- institutional frameworks, pooling of sovereignty
D- rarer than economic regionalism
Often has risks of nationalism in the countries
Liberal argument of pooling sovereignty through shared values
E- European Parliament, commission, ECJ
African union’s african union commission
A- much less common, USCMA is an example of economic with no political integration
Becoming more common/ likely in multipolar world
,Examine the relationship between regionalism and globalisation
I- regionalism can start broader globalisation
D- promotes economic cooperation
Removes barriers to trade
Strengthens bargaining power enhancing competitiveness
E- RCEP is the largest FTA- between ASEAN and other states like Australia and China
EU immigration
A- EU immigration arguably led to greater nationalism- hallmark to resistance against
globalisation?
I- regionalism as a counter-force to globalisation
D- protects from job replacement, income inequality, cultural homogenisation
Preserve cultural identity
E- EU imposes worker rights on Eastern Europe so less competitive for FDI
And currency pinned too high in EU limits competitiveness for FDI
A- stronger, stable currency also attracts FDI
Can also protect culture
,Examine the criticisms of the African Union and Arab League
I- African Union has a lack of political will
D- they form the political elite
Members of the AU are perpetrators of the issues
E- silence following violence in DRC (post-election) and violence against protestors in
Zimbabwe over cost of living
Arab league indecision over Israel, Saudi Arabia beginning to normalise relations
A- Greater and more rigorous aims than in USMCA, limited by tensions
I- Lack of coordination in the Arab League
D- divide between Sunni and Shi’a muslims
Dominated by Saudi Arabia
Iran not a member of it
E- suspension of Syria from the Arab League in 2011 and its return in 2023- Qatar does not
approve
Struggle to address Tigray conflict in Ethiopia- reflects divisions over human rights caused
by instability
A- EU has far greater levels of coordination although disagreement over Hungary
, Examine the criticisms of the Arab League and the USMCA (NAFTA)
I- Lack of coordination in the Arab League
D- divide between Sunni and Shi’a muslims
Dominated by Saudi Arabia
Iran not a member of it
E- suspension of Syria from the Arab League in 2011 and its return in 2023- Qatar does not
approve
Mexico as an emerging country with two developing countries, economic mismatch
A- EU has far greater levels of coordination although disagreement over Hungary
I- trade protectionism in the USMCA limits growth
D- trade liberalisation is offset by protectionism
Most new liberalisation already existed under NAFTA
Nationalism in US congress undermines strength
E- restrictions on auto trade and investment, government procurement contracts, and textiles
Could cause US decline by 0.12%
Like Arab League indecision over Israel undermines its efficacy
A- does engage the US in global markets, there are risks of it becoming isolationist
Has enabled Mexico’s economic growth
Examine the characteristic of economic and political regionalism
I- economic regionalism has trade integration
D- can go as far as a single currency
Economic liberalisation
Common protectionist measures against other countries
Globalisation sceptics may see it as undermining globalisation
E- ASEAN RCEP - largest free trade area
EU single currency
A- single currency rare
I- institutional frameworks, pooling of sovereignty
D- rarer than economic regionalism
Often has risks of nationalism in the countries
Liberal argument of pooling sovereignty through shared values
E- European Parliament, commission, ECJ
African union’s african union commission
A- much less common, USCMA is an example of economic with no political integration
Becoming more common/ likely in multipolar world
,Examine the relationship between regionalism and globalisation
I- regionalism can start broader globalisation
D- promotes economic cooperation
Removes barriers to trade
Strengthens bargaining power enhancing competitiveness
E- RCEP is the largest FTA- between ASEAN and other states like Australia and China
EU immigration
A- EU immigration arguably led to greater nationalism- hallmark to resistance against
globalisation?
I- regionalism as a counter-force to globalisation
D- protects from job replacement, income inequality, cultural homogenisation
Preserve cultural identity
E- EU imposes worker rights on Eastern Europe so less competitive for FDI
And currency pinned too high in EU limits competitiveness for FDI
A- stronger, stable currency also attracts FDI
Can also protect culture
,Examine the criticisms of the African Union and Arab League
I- African Union has a lack of political will
D- they form the political elite
Members of the AU are perpetrators of the issues
E- silence following violence in DRC (post-election) and violence against protestors in
Zimbabwe over cost of living
Arab league indecision over Israel, Saudi Arabia beginning to normalise relations
A- Greater and more rigorous aims than in USMCA, limited by tensions
I- Lack of coordination in the Arab League
D- divide between Sunni and Shi’a muslims
Dominated by Saudi Arabia
Iran not a member of it
E- suspension of Syria from the Arab League in 2011 and its return in 2023- Qatar does not
approve
Struggle to address Tigray conflict in Ethiopia- reflects divisions over human rights caused
by instability
A- EU has far greater levels of coordination although disagreement over Hungary
, Examine the criticisms of the Arab League and the USMCA (NAFTA)
I- Lack of coordination in the Arab League
D- divide between Sunni and Shi’a muslims
Dominated by Saudi Arabia
Iran not a member of it
E- suspension of Syria from the Arab League in 2011 and its return in 2023- Qatar does not
approve
Mexico as an emerging country with two developing countries, economic mismatch
A- EU has far greater levels of coordination although disagreement over Hungary
I- trade protectionism in the USMCA limits growth
D- trade liberalisation is offset by protectionism
Most new liberalisation already existed under NAFTA
Nationalism in US congress undermines strength
E- restrictions on auto trade and investment, government procurement contracts, and textiles
Could cause US decline by 0.12%
Like Arab League indecision over Israel undermines its efficacy
A- does engage the US in global markets, there are risks of it becoming isolationist
Has enabled Mexico’s economic growth
