NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1(Latest
Exam 2024)
Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now competes
in long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an endurance athlete
who is in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram reveals a slightly enlarged
left ventricle. What cellular change or injury that is best exemplified by the case
scenario. - correct answers✅Physiologic hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise, whereby
the heart will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and there is
increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the muscle.
Recently, Karen learned that not only does HIV directly attack CD4 cells, but the
presence of the virus seems to activate pathways responsible for programmed cell
death in CD4 cells. Thus, HIV infection appears to increase the rate of "suicide" for
CD4 cells. - correct answers✅Apoptosis
Define dysplasia - correct answers✅Compared to normal cells, cells
demonstrating dysplasia are atypical in size and shape. Dysplasia does not mean
the cells are cancerous. However, some screening tests, such as the Pap smear,
examine tissues to determine if any cellular changes are taking place. Any changes
in the cells can then be monitored over time.
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy results
revealed proliferating cells that were well-differentiated and resembled surrounding
cells. The cells were contained within a well-defined area. - correct
answers✅Benign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth. The mass of tissue resulting
is known as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the cells do not have the
characteristics associated with malignancy. The cells, although cancerous, are well-
differentiated, meaning they resemble normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a
contained area and are unlikely to spread.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant blockage in his left descending coronary
artery. The blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those cells served by
the artery. - correct answers✅Necrosis
,NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1(Latest
Exam 2024)
Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury. Necrosis differs from
apoptosis, in that the cellular destruction results from some form of trauma, rather
than genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is when dead tissue
houses bacteria.
Julianne, who suffers from familial hypercholesterolemia, presents with xanthomas.
Xanthomas are excess cholesterol deposits, which appear as yellow skin lesions.
What cell process is this - correct answers✅Intracellular accumulation.
Some disease processes stimulate intracellular accumulations of particles, such as
calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides, glucose, among other substances. In familial
hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect causes decreased cellular uptake of
cholesterol, resulting in high serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits, known
as xanthomas, may appear to form under the skin.
Janae experienced a frightening ATV accident, in which her ATV flipped over and she
ended up catching a portion of her upper arm on a barbed wire fence. Although
Janae's injuries healed fully, enlarged, keloid scar formations remain at the injury
site. - correct answers✅Hyperplasia
cell proliferation, known as hyperplasia, was stimulated as a result of her injury. A
keloid results from overgrowth of granulation tissue during the wound repair
process.
Hypertension that leads to workload on the left ventricle and thus enlargement
would be deemed? - correct answers✅Pathological hypertrophy.
No blood vessel growth and increased workload would lead to ischemia and
enlargement of the heart.
NCLEX TIP: Left ventricular hypertrophy would lead to displacement of the PMI
during chest palpation.
Hyperplasia occurs from which two mechanisms? - correct answers✅An INCREASE
in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1(Latest
Exam 2024)
1) hormonal (estrogen stimulating the mitotic division of breast gland cells; also
BPH in older males)
2) overcompensation during regeneration (keloid scars)
Andy has undergone a colonoscopy because his family has a history of colon cancer.
Biopsy of the colon reveals poorly differentiated cells in the samples. Cells were
abnormally organized, with distorted borders. Infiltration of the abnormal cells
occurred throughout several samples. - correct answers✅Malignant neoplasia
Neoplasia is uncontrolled, unregulated cell growth. Malignancy, when applied to
neoplasm, indicates the cancerous cells are likely to infiltrate other tissues and
spread. The appearance of malignant cells is far from normal. Such cells are poorly
differentiated and appear to have a random organization. Biopsy samples of
malignant neoplasia reveal cells moving beyond the borders or edges of the growth.
Walter, age 62, had to undergo an endoscopic examination of his esophagus due to
his complaint of frequent "heartburn" after most meals. Examination of the cells
shows that rather than normal squamous cells lining the esophagus, Walter had
columnar cells - correct answers✅Metaplasia
Cardiac catheterization results for Beatrice, a 54-year-old patient, show plaque
build-up, appearing as hardened areas in the coronary arteries. Beatrice, who is
overweight and leads a sedentary lifestyle, has several risk factors for
atherosclerosis. A coronary calcium scan is conducted to help analyze the state of
the arterial plaques. - correct answers✅Pathologic calcification
What are types of cellular injury changes? - correct answers✅1) Dysfunction of
the sodium potassium pump
2) Loss of plasma membrane integrity (Ex: during an MI)
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction
4) Defects in protein synthesis
5) Intracellular accumulation (xanthomas or hypercholesterolemia)
Exam 2024)
Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now competes
in long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an endurance athlete
who is in the "best shape of his life." An echocardiogram reveals a slightly enlarged
left ventricle. What cellular change or injury that is best exemplified by the case
scenario. - correct answers✅Physiologic hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise, whereby
the heart will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and there is
increased mitochondria, ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the muscle.
Recently, Karen learned that not only does HIV directly attack CD4 cells, but the
presence of the virus seems to activate pathways responsible for programmed cell
death in CD4 cells. Thus, HIV infection appears to increase the rate of "suicide" for
CD4 cells. - correct answers✅Apoptosis
Define dysplasia - correct answers✅Compared to normal cells, cells
demonstrating dysplasia are atypical in size and shape. Dysplasia does not mean
the cells are cancerous. However, some screening tests, such as the Pap smear,
examine tissues to determine if any cellular changes are taking place. Any changes
in the cells can then be monitored over time.
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy results
revealed proliferating cells that were well-differentiated and resembled surrounding
cells. The cells were contained within a well-defined area. - correct
answers✅Benign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth. The mass of tissue resulting
is known as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the cells do not have the
characteristics associated with malignancy. The cells, although cancerous, are well-
differentiated, meaning they resemble normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a
contained area and are unlikely to spread.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant blockage in his left descending coronary
artery. The blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those cells served by
the artery. - correct answers✅Necrosis
,NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1(Latest
Exam 2024)
Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury. Necrosis differs from
apoptosis, in that the cellular destruction results from some form of trauma, rather
than genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is when dead tissue
houses bacteria.
Julianne, who suffers from familial hypercholesterolemia, presents with xanthomas.
Xanthomas are excess cholesterol deposits, which appear as yellow skin lesions.
What cell process is this - correct answers✅Intracellular accumulation.
Some disease processes stimulate intracellular accumulations of particles, such as
calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides, glucose, among other substances. In familial
hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect causes decreased cellular uptake of
cholesterol, resulting in high serum cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits, known
as xanthomas, may appear to form under the skin.
Janae experienced a frightening ATV accident, in which her ATV flipped over and she
ended up catching a portion of her upper arm on a barbed wire fence. Although
Janae's injuries healed fully, enlarged, keloid scar formations remain at the injury
site. - correct answers✅Hyperplasia
cell proliferation, known as hyperplasia, was stimulated as a result of her injury. A
keloid results from overgrowth of granulation tissue during the wound repair
process.
Hypertension that leads to workload on the left ventricle and thus enlargement
would be deemed? - correct answers✅Pathological hypertrophy.
No blood vessel growth and increased workload would lead to ischemia and
enlargement of the heart.
NCLEX TIP: Left ventricular hypertrophy would lead to displacement of the PMI
during chest palpation.
Hyperplasia occurs from which two mechanisms? - correct answers✅An INCREASE
in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
, NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1(Latest
Exam 2024)
1) hormonal (estrogen stimulating the mitotic division of breast gland cells; also
BPH in older males)
2) overcompensation during regeneration (keloid scars)
Andy has undergone a colonoscopy because his family has a history of colon cancer.
Biopsy of the colon reveals poorly differentiated cells in the samples. Cells were
abnormally organized, with distorted borders. Infiltration of the abnormal cells
occurred throughout several samples. - correct answers✅Malignant neoplasia
Neoplasia is uncontrolled, unregulated cell growth. Malignancy, when applied to
neoplasm, indicates the cancerous cells are likely to infiltrate other tissues and
spread. The appearance of malignant cells is far from normal. Such cells are poorly
differentiated and appear to have a random organization. Biopsy samples of
malignant neoplasia reveal cells moving beyond the borders or edges of the growth.
Walter, age 62, had to undergo an endoscopic examination of his esophagus due to
his complaint of frequent "heartburn" after most meals. Examination of the cells
shows that rather than normal squamous cells lining the esophagus, Walter had
columnar cells - correct answers✅Metaplasia
Cardiac catheterization results for Beatrice, a 54-year-old patient, show plaque
build-up, appearing as hardened areas in the coronary arteries. Beatrice, who is
overweight and leads a sedentary lifestyle, has several risk factors for
atherosclerosis. A coronary calcium scan is conducted to help analyze the state of
the arterial plaques. - correct answers✅Pathologic calcification
What are types of cellular injury changes? - correct answers✅1) Dysfunction of
the sodium potassium pump
2) Loss of plasma membrane integrity (Ex: during an MI)
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction
4) Defects in protein synthesis
5) Intracellular accumulation (xanthomas or hypercholesterolemia)
