TEST BANK - APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ALL CHAPTERS GUARANTEED

TEST BANK - APPLIED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ALL CHAPTERS GUARANTEED What is the difference between acute and chronic? - acute: begin abruptly and last a few days to few months chronic: gradual (insidious) onset and lasting longer than 6 months what is the difference between diagnosis and prognosis? - diagnosis is a label (colon cancer) while prognosis is a prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease (predicting patient will live 15 more years) What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? - morbidity: negative outcome with disease complications that impact the quality of life mortality: death What are the advantages of studying epidemiology? - where, who, why, how 1. recognizing where disease is most widespread 2. recognizing who's most affected by the disease 3. discovering why disease is presenting in a certain population 4. discovering how to reduce spread or eradicate disease What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? - Incidence: the rate of occurrence of a disease at any given time (what is the probability of someone DEVELOPING a disease?) Prevalence: the number of people that is affected by a disease at a specific time (what are the current DEMOGRAPHICS of a disease?) think: INcidence = 1 IN 1000 What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic? - endemic: the incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable epidemic: a dramatic increase in disease incidence pandemic: when an epidemic spreads across continents What are potential causes of atrophy? Hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? - Atrophy: decrease in functional demand of a cell, lack of muscle movement, ischemia (decreased oxygen supply to cell), removal of hormonal or neural signals contributing to cell growth or muscle use hypertrophy and hyperplasia: increase in growth/trophic signals, increased demand/exercise, increase in demand of lymph tissue filtering (adenoid hypertrophy) what is atrophy? hypertrophy? hyperplasia? - atrophy: decrease in cell size hypertrophy: increase in cell size hyperplasia: increase in cell number What is the difference between metaplasia and dysplasia? - metaplasia: is the changing of one cell type to another cell type dysplasia: the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, structure, arrangement Think: metaplasia is the change to different cell types, dysplasia refers to general change of a single cell What is apoptosis and how is it regulated? - apoptosis: REGULATED cell death; regulated by enzymatic reactions in the cell What is necrosis and what happens to cellular structures? - necrosis: cell death related to cell injury (associated with inflammation); the structures swell and rupture of cell membrane What are causes of cell injury and death? - TIPS Toxins (chemical) Infections Physical injury (mechanical, chemical, thermal) Serum deficit injury (nutrition, hydration, oxygenation) What is cerebral atrophy and what are its etiologies? - reduction in cerebrum size; caused by decreased physical and intellectual activities, deficit injury, mechanical injury What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cerebral atrophy? - lack of brain perfusion increases risk for deficit injuries -- neurotoxic injury -- destruction of neurons -- loss of NT production -- atrophy in neurons because lack of stimulation essentially, your brain isn't being stimulated to grow What are the clinical manifestations of cerebral atrophy? - focal (localized to particular region) or global (entire brain); characterized by cognitive impairment (damage to temporal and frontal lobes), movement disorders (basal ganglia damage), etc. How do you diagnose cerebral atrophy? - identifying signs and symptoms, often from other observers first; PET, SPECT, CT, MRI scans What is cardiac hypertrophy and what are its etiologies? - cardiac muscle disease resulting from excessive workload and functional demand; no specifically known cause besides a genetic trait What is the pathophysiologic pathway that occurs in cardiac hypertrophy? - increased pressure in pulmonary or systemic circulation -- hypertrophy of ventricles -- lower contraction efficiency and smaller chamber -- lower cardiac output What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac hypertrophy? - shortness of breath, syncope (fainting), angina How do you diagnose cardiac hypertrophy? - genetic testing, EKG, echocardiogram, stress test What is the difference between pathophysiology and pathology? - Pathophysiology: the study of the functional bodily changes that occur as a result of an injury, disorder, or disease (the mechanisms of disease) Pathology: the study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease (studying a disease) What is a syndrome? - a specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern Define pathogenesis. - the disease beginning; when the disease process begins until symptom onset (chemically, genetically, any mechanisms up until when the disease is recognized)