BIOD 121 (portage): Module 4 Exam
Questions And Answers (Verified And
Updated)
essential vitamins
13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize
found in both plant and animal sources
vitamins produced by the body
vitamin K and biotin (gut flora)
vitamin D (skin)
vitamin A (from beta carotene)
niacin (tryptophan)
two criteria for vitamins
1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health.
2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence
enrichment
adding nutrients back that have been lost to processing
fortification
adding nutrient not naturally present in a food
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, K
stored in liver and adipose tissue
excess consumption could lead to toxic levels
two forms of vitamin a
1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods and animal products: liver, fish, fish oils,
fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs
2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables
vitamin A functions
Vision
skin and epithelial health
growth, development, reproduction
disease prevention
two forms of vitamin D
D2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol)
produced skin > liver > kidney
fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt
vitamin D functions
regulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism
, immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control
vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure
toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations
vitamin D deficiency
rickets, osteomalacia
increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease
vitamin E function
antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from damage
in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol)
oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts.
vitamin E deficiency
Rare, can occur if fat malabsorption is present
cellular breakdown and hemolysis
toxicity > 1000mg/day may interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K
vitamin K function
blood clotting, bone formation
oils, plants, fish and meats, green leafy vegetables, green beans, soybean and canola oils, and liver
synthesize small amts in GI tracts (except infants)
80mcg
deficiency and toxicity both rare
water soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C
likelihood of toxicity is minimal unless consumed in extremely large quantities (supplements)
B vitamins
coenzymes involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein into ATP
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12
bioavailability
amount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the body
thiamin (B1)
coenzyme for carbohydrates, promotes glucose metabolism
pork, legumes, milk, orange juice, organ meats, and whole and enriched grain
Thiamin deficiency
Beriberi: weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, poor arm and leg coordination, an enlarged heart, and
severe edema (where white rice is common)
Questions And Answers (Verified And
Updated)
essential vitamins
13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize
found in both plant and animal sources
vitamins produced by the body
vitamin K and biotin (gut flora)
vitamin D (skin)
vitamin A (from beta carotene)
niacin (tryptophan)
two criteria for vitamins
1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health.
2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence
enrichment
adding nutrients back that have been lost to processing
fortification
adding nutrient not naturally present in a food
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, K
stored in liver and adipose tissue
excess consumption could lead to toxic levels
two forms of vitamin a
1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods and animal products: liver, fish, fish oils,
fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs
2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or vegetables
vitamin A functions
Vision
skin and epithelial health
growth, development, reproduction
disease prevention
two forms of vitamin D
D2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol)
produced skin > liver > kidney
fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt
vitamin D functions
regulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism
, immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control
vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure
toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations
vitamin D deficiency
rickets, osteomalacia
increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease
vitamin E function
antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from damage
in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol)
oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts.
vitamin E deficiency
Rare, can occur if fat malabsorption is present
cellular breakdown and hemolysis
toxicity > 1000mg/day may interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K
vitamin K function
blood clotting, bone formation
oils, plants, fish and meats, green leafy vegetables, green beans, soybean and canola oils, and liver
synthesize small amts in GI tracts (except infants)
80mcg
deficiency and toxicity both rare
water soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C
likelihood of toxicity is minimal unless consumed in extremely large quantities (supplements)
B vitamins
coenzymes involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein into ATP
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12
bioavailability
amount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the body
thiamin (B1)
coenzyme for carbohydrates, promotes glucose metabolism
pork, legumes, milk, orange juice, organ meats, and whole and enriched grain
Thiamin deficiency
Beriberi: weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, poor arm and leg coordination, an enlarged heart, and
severe edema (where white rice is common)
