1
UNIT-II
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
Contemporary AND
India-II DEVELOPMENT
Syllabus
Resources and Development: Types - natural and human; Need for resource planning, natural
resources, land as a resource, soil types and distribution; changing land-use pattern; land
degradation and conservation measures.
TOPIC-1 TOPIC - 1
Resources : Types and Planning
Resources : Types and Planning TOPIC - 2
... P. 136
Land and Soil as Resource ... P. 140
Quick Review
¾¾ Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it’s technologically
accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
¾¾ Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are called natural resources. Resources
are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and useful for fulfilling
human needs.
¾¾ Resources can be classified in the following ways:
l On the basis of origin :
(i) Biotic (ii) Abiotic
l On the basis of exhaustibility :
(i) Renewable (ii) Non-renewable
l On the basis of ownership :
(i) Individual (ii) Community
(iii) National (iv) International
l On the basis of status of development :
(i) Potential (ii) Developed
(iii) Stock (iv) Reserves
¾¾ Resources are compulsory for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life.
¾¾ Human beings use resources indiscriminately and this has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming,
ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
¾¾ Development of Resources : Resources are vital for human survival. It was believed that resources are free gifts
of nature. As a result, man used them indiscriminately which led to the following problems:
l Depletion of resources.
l Accumulation of resources in a few hands.
l Indiscriminate exploitation of resources.
¾¾ For a sustained quality of life and global peace, it is essential that resources should be distributed equally.
¾¾ Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment
and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
¾¾ Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
¾¾ In June 1992, for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century, more than 100 heads of states participated
in the First International Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The main focus of this summit was to protect
environment and socio economic development at the global level. The leaders of the states signed the Declaration
on Global Climate Change and Biological Diversity.
, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT [ 137
¾¾ Agenda 21 : It has been signed by world leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED). The aim of this agenda is to achieve global sustainable development by combating
environmental damage, poverty and disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs
and shared responsibilities. The major objective of this agenda is that every local government has the power to
draw its own local Agenda 21.
¾¾ Resource-Planning is a technique of proper utilization of resources.
¾¾ Resource planning involves the following steps :
l Identification and inventory of resources, which involves surveying, mapping and quantitative as well as
qualitative estimation and measurement of resources.
l For implementing resource development plans, evolve a planning structure with appropriate technology,
skill and institutional set up.
l Match resource development plan with overall national development plans.
l Resource development and planning reduces wastage, keeps the environment pollution free and takes care
of future needs.
l The management of resources by the humans is known as conservation. It is the judicious and planned use
of the natural resources.
l Conservation of resources includes a judicious and planned use of resources. Proper exploitation is must, but
over exploitation should be checked.
Know the Terms
¾¾ Resources : All the useful elements of environment that satisfy our basic needs are called resources.
¾¾ Biotic resources : These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna,
fisheries, livestock, etc.
¾¾ Abiotic resources : Resources that comprise of non-living things, such as rocks, minerals, etc.
¾¾ Renewable resources : The resources which can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are
known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example: solar and wind energy.
¾¾ Non-renewable resources : These are the resources that once used, can’t be reproduced or replenished. For
example: fossil fuels, minerals like copper and iron ore.
¾¾ Natural resources : A natural resource is something that is found in nature and can be used by people for economic
gain. Earth's natural resources include light, air, water, plants, animals, soil, stone, minerals, Fossil fuels, etc.
¾¾ Man-made resources : Man-made resources are resources that are created by humans to transform and use the
gifts of nature, for example buildings; roads; vehicles; machinery, equipment, etc.
¾¾ Individual resources : The resources owned privately by individuals.
¾¾ Community-owned resources : Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.
¾¾ National resources : All the resources, which are present in the political boundary of a nation up to 12 nautical
miles in the ocean from the coast.
¾¾ International resources : The resources that do not belong to any individual country.
¾¾ Potential resources : Resources, which are available in a region, but have not been utilized.
¾¾ Developed resources : Resources which are surveyed and their quantity and quality have been determined for
utilization.
¾¾ Stock : Materials present in the environment, which have the potential to satisfy human needs, but human
beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these materials.
¾¾ Reserves : They are the subsets of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology but
their use has not been started yet.
¾¾ Sustainable development : It means development should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise with needs of the future generations.
¾¾ Resource planning : It is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
¾¾ Resource conservation : Conservation of natural resources refers to the sustainable utilisation of natural resources,
like soils, water, plants, animals, minerals, topsoil, pastureland, and minerals, and also to the preservation of
forests-forestry, watershed areas, etc.
Know the Links
¾¾ http://agricoop.nic.in/statistics/stexple.html
¾¾ http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?
¾¾ http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.html
UNIT-II
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
Contemporary AND
India-II DEVELOPMENT
Syllabus
Resources and Development: Types - natural and human; Need for resource planning, natural
resources, land as a resource, soil types and distribution; changing land-use pattern; land
degradation and conservation measures.
TOPIC-1 TOPIC - 1
Resources : Types and Planning
Resources : Types and Planning TOPIC - 2
... P. 136
Land and Soil as Resource ... P. 140
Quick Review
¾¾ Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it’s technologically
accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
¾¾ Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation and minerals are called natural resources. Resources
are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and useful for fulfilling
human needs.
¾¾ Resources can be classified in the following ways:
l On the basis of origin :
(i) Biotic (ii) Abiotic
l On the basis of exhaustibility :
(i) Renewable (ii) Non-renewable
l On the basis of ownership :
(i) Individual (ii) Community
(iii) National (iv) International
l On the basis of status of development :
(i) Potential (ii) Developed
(iii) Stock (iv) Reserves
¾¾ Resources are compulsory for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life.
¾¾ Human beings use resources indiscriminately and this has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming,
ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
¾¾ Development of Resources : Resources are vital for human survival. It was believed that resources are free gifts
of nature. As a result, man used them indiscriminately which led to the following problems:
l Depletion of resources.
l Accumulation of resources in a few hands.
l Indiscriminate exploitation of resources.
¾¾ For a sustained quality of life and global peace, it is essential that resources should be distributed equally.
¾¾ Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment
and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
¾¾ Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
¾¾ In June 1992, for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century, more than 100 heads of states participated
in the First International Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The main focus of this summit was to protect
environment and socio economic development at the global level. The leaders of the states signed the Declaration
on Global Climate Change and Biological Diversity.
, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT [ 137
¾¾ Agenda 21 : It has been signed by world leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED). The aim of this agenda is to achieve global sustainable development by combating
environmental damage, poverty and disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs
and shared responsibilities. The major objective of this agenda is that every local government has the power to
draw its own local Agenda 21.
¾¾ Resource-Planning is a technique of proper utilization of resources.
¾¾ Resource planning involves the following steps :
l Identification and inventory of resources, which involves surveying, mapping and quantitative as well as
qualitative estimation and measurement of resources.
l For implementing resource development plans, evolve a planning structure with appropriate technology,
skill and institutional set up.
l Match resource development plan with overall national development plans.
l Resource development and planning reduces wastage, keeps the environment pollution free and takes care
of future needs.
l The management of resources by the humans is known as conservation. It is the judicious and planned use
of the natural resources.
l Conservation of resources includes a judicious and planned use of resources. Proper exploitation is must, but
over exploitation should be checked.
Know the Terms
¾¾ Resources : All the useful elements of environment that satisfy our basic needs are called resources.
¾¾ Biotic resources : These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna,
fisheries, livestock, etc.
¾¾ Abiotic resources : Resources that comprise of non-living things, such as rocks, minerals, etc.
¾¾ Renewable resources : The resources which can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are
known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example: solar and wind energy.
¾¾ Non-renewable resources : These are the resources that once used, can’t be reproduced or replenished. For
example: fossil fuels, minerals like copper and iron ore.
¾¾ Natural resources : A natural resource is something that is found in nature and can be used by people for economic
gain. Earth's natural resources include light, air, water, plants, animals, soil, stone, minerals, Fossil fuels, etc.
¾¾ Man-made resources : Man-made resources are resources that are created by humans to transform and use the
gifts of nature, for example buildings; roads; vehicles; machinery, equipment, etc.
¾¾ Individual resources : The resources owned privately by individuals.
¾¾ Community-owned resources : Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.
¾¾ National resources : All the resources, which are present in the political boundary of a nation up to 12 nautical
miles in the ocean from the coast.
¾¾ International resources : The resources that do not belong to any individual country.
¾¾ Potential resources : Resources, which are available in a region, but have not been utilized.
¾¾ Developed resources : Resources which are surveyed and their quantity and quality have been determined for
utilization.
¾¾ Stock : Materials present in the environment, which have the potential to satisfy human needs, but human
beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these materials.
¾¾ Reserves : They are the subsets of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology but
their use has not been started yet.
¾¾ Sustainable development : It means development should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise with needs of the future generations.
¾¾ Resource planning : It is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
¾¾ Resource conservation : Conservation of natural resources refers to the sustainable utilisation of natural resources,
like soils, water, plants, animals, minerals, topsoil, pastureland, and minerals, and also to the preservation of
forests-forestry, watershed areas, etc.
Know the Links
¾¾ http://agricoop.nic.in/statistics/stexple.html
¾¾ http://www.worldsummit2002.org/index.htm?
¾¾ http://www.worldsummit2002.org/guide/unced.html
