PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Midterm)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
MOTOR PATHWAYS ( SNS vs ANS)
PHARMACOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM ● SOMATIC NS
○ The bridge that connects the CNS to that of
the effector organ is only a single neuron
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
called somatic neuron
● Refers to the anatomical organization of NS.
● Organs and structural features of NS.
● Organs in NS (brain, spinal cord, neurons)
Anatomical Division
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
● AUTONOMIC NS
a. brain and spinal cord
○ comprises of motor neurons carrying
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
responses/effect
a. Composed of different neurons/nerves that
○ has two neuron set-up that connects the
are located outside the CNS. (outside the
CNS to the effector organ. (pre-ganglion &
brain and spinal cord)
post-ganglion neurons)
■ Sympathetic division
■ Parasympathetic division
EFFECTOR ORGANS OF SNS & ANS
Neuron Anatomy ● SOMATIC NS
○ The somatic nervous system provides
control of skeletal muscle movement.
○ Effector Organ: SKELETAL MUSCLE
■ (voluntary acting muscles;
controlled response)
○ SNS controls voluntary mobility or
motions
● AUTONOMIC NS
2 TYPES OF NEURONS BASED ON FUNCTIONS: ○ Effector organs:
■ GLANDS (Lacrimal, Sweat,
1. AFFERENT / SENSORY NEURONS Salivary)
a. neurons that enter the CNS; bring/carry ■ SMOOTH MUSCLES (Blood
impulses from the sensory organ to the brain vessels, GIT, bronchioles, vascular)
(CNS) ○ ANS controls involuntary mobility or
b. STIMULI motions
2. EFFERENT / MOTOR NEURONS
a. neurons that leave the CNS; motor neurons
carry impulses from the brain to the effector
organs
b. RESPONSE
,PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Midterm)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
Steps that occur in Neurotransmission
SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION
● The mechanism of impulse transmission across the
synapse
● Impulse
○ signal from the brain→ CNS towards the
effector organ
● Synapse
○ area of connection/interface between two
structures
○ junction between two nerve cells, consisting
of a minute gap across which impulses pass
by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
● NOTE: The nervous system is discontinuous
(neurons are not directly continuous which
● When an impulse coming from the brain reaches the
connect CNS to the effector organ.)
presynapse, that causes an ACTION POTENTIAL.
● When action potential happens, there is
DEPOLARIZATION (stimulated) in the presynaptic
cell membrane.
● Stimulation happens to cause the voltage-gated Ca2+
channel to open, and then the ions enter the cell
● Calcium causes movement of these stored forms of
NT or the vesicles (from inside to outside of vesicles)
● Until such time that those vesicles will bind to
DOCKING PROTEINS causing fusion of vesicles
into the cell membrane then exocytosis happens
(release of NT)
● When NT is in the synaptic cleft, they are now
available for action/liberated→ to bind to the
receptors found in the postsynapse
TERMINOLOGIES ● Binding of NT to the receptors, is evidence that
impulse reaches to the other neurons/structures
● Presynapse - terminal portion of the sending neuron
despite the gaps present.
● Synaptic cleft - a space that separates two neurons. It
● When the impulse reaches the postsynapse, the
forms a junction between two or more neurons and
process repeats until it reaches the effector cells and
helps nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the
therefore, a response will be generated.
other.
● Postsynapse - initial portion of the receiving neuron
NOTE: In each area of the neuron, certain processes/events AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
occur. In addition, structures can be found in each area or
substances in each area. ● Enteric
🧠PRESYNAPSE
● Sympathetic (Adrenergic)
● Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
● Synthesis of NT Based on Anatomical Features
●
●
Storage in the form of vesicles
Release of NT through the process of exocytosis 🧠SYNAPSE 1:
● Enzymes are present that can cause chemical
reactions and thus can induce metabolism ● Sending neuron: Pre-ganglion
● Autoreceptors ● Receiving neuron: Ganglion
🧠SYNAPTIC CLEFT - Enzymes are found here 🧠SYANPSE 2:
🧠 POSTSYNAPSE ●
●
Sending neuron: Post-ganglion
Receiving neuron: Effector glands
● majority of receptors are found in here
● presence of enzymes may be observed (metabolism)
, PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Midterm)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
○ usually stores catecholamines or adrenergic
NT
○ stores the majority of the epinephrine (EPI)
in the body
○ it does not need 2 neurons, it only needs 1
ganglionic neuron (preganglionic) and the
acceptor (nicotinic receptor) to produce an
effect.
Based on Effect/Function on Selected Organs
GENERAL FUNCTION
NOTE: Sympathetic NS is also called Adrenergic NS
because it sends NE being an adrenergic NT as the
neurotransmitter which eventually reaches the effector organs
and thus carries adrenergic responses.
At the end of the sympathetic synaptic neurotransmission,
🧠Sympathetic NS
effector organs receive adrenergic NT resulting in adrenergic
responses
● dominates when we are stressed
● FIGHT or FLIGHT
🧠Parasympathetic NS
● dominates when we are at peace (basal condition)
● Basal conditions (normal conditions of the body)
NOTE: With regards to the general function, they do not
necessarily cancel each other's function/effect. Instead,
concerning the opposing effect, it has something to do with the
rule of dominance. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic are
Sympathetic Innervation of the Adrenal Medulla active however, during basal conditions, the one that
dominates is parasympathetic responses. But when stress is
activated or whenever a stressful situation arises, sympathetic
responses dominate.
SPECIFIC FUNCTION
ORGAN SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
Eye (pupil) Dilation Constriction
(mydriasis) (miosis)
Heart Increased heart Decreased heart
rate rate
(tachycardia) (bradycardia)
● Innervation - the process of supplying nerves to an
organ or part of the body Blood Vessels
● ADRENAL MEDULLA (arterioles, -------------------- --------------------
○ gland that is found superior to the kidneys arteries)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
MOTOR PATHWAYS ( SNS vs ANS)
PHARMACOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM ● SOMATIC NS
○ The bridge that connects the CNS to that of
the effector organ is only a single neuron
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
called somatic neuron
● Refers to the anatomical organization of NS.
● Organs and structural features of NS.
● Organs in NS (brain, spinal cord, neurons)
Anatomical Division
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
● AUTONOMIC NS
a. brain and spinal cord
○ comprises of motor neurons carrying
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
responses/effect
a. Composed of different neurons/nerves that
○ has two neuron set-up that connects the
are located outside the CNS. (outside the
CNS to the effector organ. (pre-ganglion &
brain and spinal cord)
post-ganglion neurons)
■ Sympathetic division
■ Parasympathetic division
EFFECTOR ORGANS OF SNS & ANS
Neuron Anatomy ● SOMATIC NS
○ The somatic nervous system provides
control of skeletal muscle movement.
○ Effector Organ: SKELETAL MUSCLE
■ (voluntary acting muscles;
controlled response)
○ SNS controls voluntary mobility or
motions
● AUTONOMIC NS
2 TYPES OF NEURONS BASED ON FUNCTIONS: ○ Effector organs:
■ GLANDS (Lacrimal, Sweat,
1. AFFERENT / SENSORY NEURONS Salivary)
a. neurons that enter the CNS; bring/carry ■ SMOOTH MUSCLES (Blood
impulses from the sensory organ to the brain vessels, GIT, bronchioles, vascular)
(CNS) ○ ANS controls involuntary mobility or
b. STIMULI motions
2. EFFERENT / MOTOR NEURONS
a. neurons that leave the CNS; motor neurons
carry impulses from the brain to the effector
organs
b. RESPONSE
,PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Midterm)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
Steps that occur in Neurotransmission
SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMISSION
● The mechanism of impulse transmission across the
synapse
● Impulse
○ signal from the brain→ CNS towards the
effector organ
● Synapse
○ area of connection/interface between two
structures
○ junction between two nerve cells, consisting
of a minute gap across which impulses pass
by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
● NOTE: The nervous system is discontinuous
(neurons are not directly continuous which
● When an impulse coming from the brain reaches the
connect CNS to the effector organ.)
presynapse, that causes an ACTION POTENTIAL.
● When action potential happens, there is
DEPOLARIZATION (stimulated) in the presynaptic
cell membrane.
● Stimulation happens to cause the voltage-gated Ca2+
channel to open, and then the ions enter the cell
● Calcium causes movement of these stored forms of
NT or the vesicles (from inside to outside of vesicles)
● Until such time that those vesicles will bind to
DOCKING PROTEINS causing fusion of vesicles
into the cell membrane then exocytosis happens
(release of NT)
● When NT is in the synaptic cleft, they are now
available for action/liberated→ to bind to the
receptors found in the postsynapse
TERMINOLOGIES ● Binding of NT to the receptors, is evidence that
impulse reaches to the other neurons/structures
● Presynapse - terminal portion of the sending neuron
despite the gaps present.
● Synaptic cleft - a space that separates two neurons. It
● When the impulse reaches the postsynapse, the
forms a junction between two or more neurons and
process repeats until it reaches the effector cells and
helps nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the
therefore, a response will be generated.
other.
● Postsynapse - initial portion of the receiving neuron
NOTE: In each area of the neuron, certain processes/events AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
occur. In addition, structures can be found in each area or
substances in each area. ● Enteric
🧠PRESYNAPSE
● Sympathetic (Adrenergic)
● Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
● Synthesis of NT Based on Anatomical Features
●
●
Storage in the form of vesicles
Release of NT through the process of exocytosis 🧠SYNAPSE 1:
● Enzymes are present that can cause chemical
reactions and thus can induce metabolism ● Sending neuron: Pre-ganglion
● Autoreceptors ● Receiving neuron: Ganglion
🧠SYNAPTIC CLEFT - Enzymes are found here 🧠SYANPSE 2:
🧠 POSTSYNAPSE ●
●
Sending neuron: Post-ganglion
Receiving neuron: Effector glands
● majority of receptors are found in here
● presence of enzymes may be observed (metabolism)
, PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Midterm)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
○ usually stores catecholamines or adrenergic
NT
○ stores the majority of the epinephrine (EPI)
in the body
○ it does not need 2 neurons, it only needs 1
ganglionic neuron (preganglionic) and the
acceptor (nicotinic receptor) to produce an
effect.
Based on Effect/Function on Selected Organs
GENERAL FUNCTION
NOTE: Sympathetic NS is also called Adrenergic NS
because it sends NE being an adrenergic NT as the
neurotransmitter which eventually reaches the effector organs
and thus carries adrenergic responses.
At the end of the sympathetic synaptic neurotransmission,
🧠Sympathetic NS
effector organs receive adrenergic NT resulting in adrenergic
responses
● dominates when we are stressed
● FIGHT or FLIGHT
🧠Parasympathetic NS
● dominates when we are at peace (basal condition)
● Basal conditions (normal conditions of the body)
NOTE: With regards to the general function, they do not
necessarily cancel each other's function/effect. Instead,
concerning the opposing effect, it has something to do with the
rule of dominance. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic are
Sympathetic Innervation of the Adrenal Medulla active however, during basal conditions, the one that
dominates is parasympathetic responses. But when stress is
activated or whenever a stressful situation arises, sympathetic
responses dominate.
SPECIFIC FUNCTION
ORGAN SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
Eye (pupil) Dilation Constriction
(mydriasis) (miosis)
Heart Increased heart Decreased heart
rate rate
(tachycardia) (bradycardia)
● Innervation - the process of supplying nerves to an
organ or part of the body Blood Vessels
● ADRENAL MEDULLA (arterioles, -------------------- --------------------
○ gland that is found superior to the kidneys arteries)
