PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Prelim)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
OTHER BRANCHES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
● PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
○ defined as the study of the rational drug
● PHARMACOLOGY use in the management of diseases
○ study of drugs ○ 5 rights
○ biological and physiologic aspects of ● PHARMACEUTICS
drug effects, including ADME, toxicity, ○ “what do the pharmacist's drugs do to
and specific MOA of drugs the drugs”
○ concerns also with the source of drugs, ○ involves the preparation of dosage
compounding of drugs, physical and forms of drugs
chemical properties, drug ● PHARMACOGENETICS
interactions, and miscellaneous use ○ genetic influences on responses to
of drugs drugs
● DRUG ● PHARMACOGENOMICS
○ substance that affects a biological ○ branch of pharmacogenetics
system in a potentially useful way ○ the relation of the individual’s genetic
○ Any agent that has the ability to modify makeup to his or her response to
(alter) the body structure and function specific drugs, is an important part of
○ agents used in the medication, therapeutics
diagnosis, prevention, treatment and ● PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
cure of disease in man or other animals ○ study of drug effects at a population
(USP) level
○ Are low MW chemical substances that ● PHARMACOECONOMICS
interact with macromolecular targets in ○ branch of health economics
the body to produce effect. ○ quantify the cost and benefit of drugs
○ A DRUG MUST BE SELECTIVE AND used therapeutically
POWERFUL ENOUGH TO TARGET A ● PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY
SPECIFIC NUCLEIC ACID OR ○ deals with the study of adverse effects
PROTEIN INSIDE THE BODY TO of drugs
PRODUCE AN EFFECT ○ mechanism of toxicity (MOT)
● POISON
○ any chemical agent that produces
harmful effects (eg. Arsenic or Lead) -
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
ARSENIC TOXICITY: Mee's Lines
○ NOTE: Drugs in high concentrations
become poisons. ● Functional Modifiers
● TOXIN ● Replenishers
○ poison of biological origin (NATURALLY ● Diagnostic Agents
PRODUCED) ● Chemotherapeutic Agents
○ eg. tetrodotoxin - came from fish
Functional Modifiers
MAIN BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY ● agents that modify/alter physiological or
biochemical activities of cells in the body
● PharmacoDynamics ● Example:
○ “what drugs do to the body” ○ Colchicine
○ mechanism of action of drugs (MOA) ○ Omeprazole
● PharmacoKinetics ○ NSAIDs
○ “what the body (Katawan) does to the
drugs” COLCHICINE (anti-gout)
○ Absorption; Distribution, Metabolism,
Excretion (ADME) ● 1st line management of acute gout attacks
○ Note: Before absorption, there’s ● it has no activity towards HIGH URIC ACID IN
LIBERATION - for solid dosage forms THE BLOOD but it only has activity in inhibiting
movement of the inflammatory cells.
● GOUT COMMON MANIFESTATION:
○ 1) High Uric Acid in blood
, PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Prelim)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
○ 2) Movement of Inflammatory cells due ○ function: mediates release of Ach,
to structural protein called TUBULIN gastrin, and histamine in which these
resulting in unsymmetrical pain molecules induce HCl secretion
● It targets tubulin via DEPOLYMERIZATION ● PPIs lower Ach, Histamine, and Gastrin which
● Since it only attacks tubulin, colchicine always more efficacious than H2 blocker
comes with hypouricemic acid ● H2 Blocker only blocks Ranitidine, Famotidine,
and other -idine
NSAIDS (Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs) ● Note: All omeprazole's ends with -prazoles
except “Apriprazole” which is an antipsychotic
● Arachidonic Acids - derived from hydrolysis of drug
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
● Has 2 pathways: Replenishers
○ COX (Cyclooxygenase) - produces
PROSTAGLANDINS ● supplements
○ LOX (Lipooxygenase) - produces ● endogenous substances that are lacking or
LEUKOTRIENEs insufficient
● COX has 2 forms: COX 1 AND COX 2 ● Example:
● COX 1 - aka as CONSTITUTED Enzymes which ○ Electrolytes (KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, and etc)
is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins ○ Insulin
for maintenance function in our body. For ○ Vitamins (minerals)
Example
○ Cytoprotection - thickens the stomach Diagnostic Agents
lining through Prostaglandins
● COX 2 - aka INDUCIBLE enzymes which are ● for diagnosis for b\possible diseases
produced due to adverse stimuli in the body ● Used to detect/examine the body for possible
○ responsible for the formation of impairment, illness or any abnormality on the
prostaglandins for PAIN and body’s normal functioning
INFLAMMATION ● Example:
● NSAIDs is a COX inhibitor (MOA) which is ○ Edrophonium (Tensilon) - for
taken after meals myasthenia gravis
● Examples: Aspirin, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, ○ Technetium 99m sestamibi - for
naproxen coronary artery disease
● LEUKOTRIENES - bronchoconstriction ○ Thallium 201 - to obtain information
(Asthma) about blood supply of heart muscle
● Drugs that inhibit leukotrienes - ZILEUTON ○ Disopyramide; Dobutamine - stress
● Drugs that inhibit the binding of leukotrienes on test; detect how the heart functioning
its receptor site: MONTELUKAST,
ZAFIRLUKAST Chemoterapeutic Agents
● inhibit growth/kill cells that are considered
foreign in the body
● Example:
○ Anti-infectives
○ Antineoplastic
PHARMACODYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
● Pharmacodynamics
OMEPRAZOLE
○ study of the biochemical and physiologic
● PPI (Proton Pump Inhibitor) - blocks or inhibits effects of drugs in biological systems
K+ H+ pump and the mechanisms by which these
● 1st line management of PUD, hyperacidity, effects are produced.
GERD ○ most drugs exert their effects by
● PROTON PUMP (H+ K+ PUMP) interacting with receptors
○ example of carrier molecules ● Aside from drugs (exogenous substances),
Other natural substances (endogenous
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
OTHER BRANCHES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
● PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
○ defined as the study of the rational drug
● PHARMACOLOGY use in the management of diseases
○ study of drugs ○ 5 rights
○ biological and physiologic aspects of ● PHARMACEUTICS
drug effects, including ADME, toxicity, ○ “what do the pharmacist's drugs do to
and specific MOA of drugs the drugs”
○ concerns also with the source of drugs, ○ involves the preparation of dosage
compounding of drugs, physical and forms of drugs
chemical properties, drug ● PHARMACOGENETICS
interactions, and miscellaneous use ○ genetic influences on responses to
of drugs drugs
● DRUG ● PHARMACOGENOMICS
○ substance that affects a biological ○ branch of pharmacogenetics
system in a potentially useful way ○ the relation of the individual’s genetic
○ Any agent that has the ability to modify makeup to his or her response to
(alter) the body structure and function specific drugs, is an important part of
○ agents used in the medication, therapeutics
diagnosis, prevention, treatment and ● PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
cure of disease in man or other animals ○ study of drug effects at a population
(USP) level
○ Are low MW chemical substances that ● PHARMACOECONOMICS
interact with macromolecular targets in ○ branch of health economics
the body to produce effect. ○ quantify the cost and benefit of drugs
○ A DRUG MUST BE SELECTIVE AND used therapeutically
POWERFUL ENOUGH TO TARGET A ● PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY
SPECIFIC NUCLEIC ACID OR ○ deals with the study of adverse effects
PROTEIN INSIDE THE BODY TO of drugs
PRODUCE AN EFFECT ○ mechanism of toxicity (MOT)
● POISON
○ any chemical agent that produces
harmful effects (eg. Arsenic or Lead) -
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
ARSENIC TOXICITY: Mee's Lines
○ NOTE: Drugs in high concentrations
become poisons. ● Functional Modifiers
● TOXIN ● Replenishers
○ poison of biological origin (NATURALLY ● Diagnostic Agents
PRODUCED) ● Chemotherapeutic Agents
○ eg. tetrodotoxin - came from fish
Functional Modifiers
MAIN BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY ● agents that modify/alter physiological or
biochemical activities of cells in the body
● PharmacoDynamics ● Example:
○ “what drugs do to the body” ○ Colchicine
○ mechanism of action of drugs (MOA) ○ Omeprazole
● PharmacoKinetics ○ NSAIDs
○ “what the body (Katawan) does to the
drugs” COLCHICINE (anti-gout)
○ Absorption; Distribution, Metabolism,
Excretion (ADME) ● 1st line management of acute gout attacks
○ Note: Before absorption, there’s ● it has no activity towards HIGH URIC ACID IN
LIBERATION - for solid dosage forms THE BLOOD but it only has activity in inhibiting
movement of the inflammatory cells.
● GOUT COMMON MANIFESTATION:
○ 1) High Uric Acid in blood
, PHARMACOLOGY 1 (Prelim)
BS - Pharmacy 2C | PROF. Patalinjung | SEM 2 2024
○ 2) Movement of Inflammatory cells due ○ function: mediates release of Ach,
to structural protein called TUBULIN gastrin, and histamine in which these
resulting in unsymmetrical pain molecules induce HCl secretion
● It targets tubulin via DEPOLYMERIZATION ● PPIs lower Ach, Histamine, and Gastrin which
● Since it only attacks tubulin, colchicine always more efficacious than H2 blocker
comes with hypouricemic acid ● H2 Blocker only blocks Ranitidine, Famotidine,
and other -idine
NSAIDS (Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs) ● Note: All omeprazole's ends with -prazoles
except “Apriprazole” which is an antipsychotic
● Arachidonic Acids - derived from hydrolysis of drug
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
● Has 2 pathways: Replenishers
○ COX (Cyclooxygenase) - produces
PROSTAGLANDINS ● supplements
○ LOX (Lipooxygenase) - produces ● endogenous substances that are lacking or
LEUKOTRIENEs insufficient
● COX has 2 forms: COX 1 AND COX 2 ● Example:
● COX 1 - aka as CONSTITUTED Enzymes which ○ Electrolytes (KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, and etc)
is responsible for the formation of prostaglandins ○ Insulin
for maintenance function in our body. For ○ Vitamins (minerals)
Example
○ Cytoprotection - thickens the stomach Diagnostic Agents
lining through Prostaglandins
● COX 2 - aka INDUCIBLE enzymes which are ● for diagnosis for b\possible diseases
produced due to adverse stimuli in the body ● Used to detect/examine the body for possible
○ responsible for the formation of impairment, illness or any abnormality on the
prostaglandins for PAIN and body’s normal functioning
INFLAMMATION ● Example:
● NSAIDs is a COX inhibitor (MOA) which is ○ Edrophonium (Tensilon) - for
taken after meals myasthenia gravis
● Examples: Aspirin, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, ○ Technetium 99m sestamibi - for
naproxen coronary artery disease
● LEUKOTRIENES - bronchoconstriction ○ Thallium 201 - to obtain information
(Asthma) about blood supply of heart muscle
● Drugs that inhibit leukotrienes - ZILEUTON ○ Disopyramide; Dobutamine - stress
● Drugs that inhibit the binding of leukotrienes on test; detect how the heart functioning
its receptor site: MONTELUKAST,
ZAFIRLUKAST Chemoterapeutic Agents
● inhibit growth/kill cells that are considered
foreign in the body
● Example:
○ Anti-infectives
○ Antineoplastic
PHARMACODYNAMICS PRINCIPLES
● Pharmacodynamics
OMEPRAZOLE
○ study of the biochemical and physiologic
● PPI (Proton Pump Inhibitor) - blocks or inhibits effects of drugs in biological systems
K+ H+ pump and the mechanisms by which these
● 1st line management of PUD, hyperacidity, effects are produced.
GERD ○ most drugs exert their effects by
● PROTON PUMP (H+ K+ PUMP) interacting with receptors
○ example of carrier molecules ● Aside from drugs (exogenous substances),
Other natural substances (endogenous
