PARAMEDIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+

PARAMEDIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+ interstitial Fluid extracellular fluid in most tissues cytoplasm A cell membrane seperates the cell contents, from the extracellular fluid. nucleus The cytoplasm surrounds the ________, which is the control center for cellular operations. Cytosol, Oraganelles The cytoplasm can be subdivided into a liquid called ______ and intracellular structures known as __________. Plasma Membrane The outer boundary of the cell is formed by a cell membrane or, ____________ Physical Isolation, Regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, structural support Functions of the cell membrane Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates the cell membrane contains Phospholipids Major components of cell membranes Lipid soluble molecules _________ and compounds such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to cross the lipid portion of a cell membrane, but ions and water soluble compounds cannot. Proteins Membrane _________ may function as receptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors, or identifiers. Permeability _________of the cell membrane is the property that determines precisely which substances can enter or leave the cytoplasm. Impermeable If nothing can cross a membrane, it is describe to be _____. Selectively permeable Cell Membranes are ________, permitting the free passage of materials and restricting the passage of others. Passive Processes move ions or molecules across the cell membrane without any energy expenditure by the cell. Active Processes require that the cell expend energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate ATP Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration. Concentration Gradient Difference between the high and low concentrations moving across, channel protein An ion or molecule can independently diffuse across a cell membrane by __________ the lipid portion of the membrane or by passing through a _____________in the memebrane. Membrane Channels Ions and most water soluble compounds are not lipid-soluble, so they must pass through _______ to enter the cytoplasm. Osmosis Water flows across a membrane toward the solution that has the higher concentration of solutes, because that is where the concentration of water is lower. Osmotic Pressure of a solution is an indication of the forcce of water movement into that solution as a result of solute concentration. Hydrostatic Pressure Pushing against a fluid generates Isotonic solution is one that does not cause a net movement of water into or out of a cell. Hypotonic Solution When a red blood cell is placed in a _________, water will flow into the cell, causing it to sweel up like a balloon and possibly burst. Filtration Occurs across the walls of small blood vessels, pushing water and dissolved nutrients into the tissues of the body. Carrier Mediated Transport membrane proteins bind specific ions or organic substrates and carry them across the cell membrane. Facilitated Diffusion Many essential nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, are insoluble in lipids and too larger to fit through membrane channels. However, these compounds can be passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins. Active Transport The high energy bond in ATP provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane. Homeostasis A major function of exchange pumps is to maintain cell ________. Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carrying solutions contain hemoglobin that has been extracted from red blood cells, washed, filtered, and then chemically joined into a chain through a process called polymerization. Receptor mediated Endocytosis involves the formation of small vesicles at the membrane surface to import selected substances into the cell. Phagocytosis "cell eating", produces vesicles containing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself. Exocytosis In _________, a vesicle created inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane and discharges its contents into the extracellular enviroment. Cytosol Cytoplasm contains ___________, the intracellular fluid which contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products. Organelles are internal structures that perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism. Cilia are relatively long, slender extensions of the cell membrane that move fluids or secretions across the cell surface. Lysosome are vesicles filled with digestive enzymes that perform cleanup and recycling functions within the cell. Peroxisome absorb and break down fatty acids and other organic compounds, generating hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), a potentially dangerous free radical. Mitchondria are small organelles that provide energay for the cell. Glycolysis, pyruvic acid In the energy production reaction sequence, call _____, six carbon glucose molecules are broken down into three carbon pyruvic acid molecules. Aerobic metabolism, cellular respiration Because the key reactions involved in mitochondrial activity consume oxygen, the process of mitochondrial energy is known as _________. mitosis the duplication of the cell's genetic material is called DNA replication, and nuclear division is called ________. Transcription, Translation The process of protein synthesis is divided into _