Patho Exam 1 (Maryville University - NURS611) questions and answers 100% verified.

Patho Exam 1 (Maryville University - NURS611) questions and answers 100% verified. Nucleus a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aContains athe anucleolus, aa asmall, adense astructure acomposed alargely aof aRNA; amost aof athe acellular aDNA; aand athe aDNA-binding aproteins, athe ahistones, athat aregulate aits aactivity. aTherefore, athe ahistones abinding ato aDNA acause aDNA ato afold ainto achromosomes. aThe awrapping aof aDNA ainto atight apackages aof achromosomes ais aessential afor acell adivision ain aeukaryotes. Ribosomes a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aRNA-protein acomplexes athat aare asynthesized ain athe anucleolus aand asecreted ainto athe acytoplasm athrough apores ain athe anuclear aenvelope acalled anuclear apore acomplexes. aThese atiny aribosomes amay afloat afree ain athe acytoplasm aor aattach athemselves ato athe aouter amembrane aof athe aendoplasmic areticulum. aTHEIR aCHEIF aFUNCTION aIS aTO aPROVIDE aSITES aFOR aCELLULAR aPROTEIN aSYNTHESIS. Golgi aComplex a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aa anetwork aof aflattened, asmooth amembranes aand avesicles afrequently alocated anear athe anucleus aof athe acell. aProteins afrom athe aendoplasmic areticulum aare aprocessed aand apackaged ainto asmall amembrane-bound asacs aor avesicles acalled asecretory avesicles, athe aGolgi acomplex ais aa arefining aplant aand adirects atraffic a(i.e. aprotein, apolynucleotides, apolysaccharide amolecules) ain athe acell. Lysosomes a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aMaintain acellular ahealth athrough: -efficient aremoval aof atoxic acellular acomponents -removal aof auseless aorganelles -termination aof asignal atransduction -signals acellular aadaptation Mitochondria a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aorganelles afound ain alarge anumbers ain amost acells aand aresponsible afor acellular arespiration aand aenergy aproduction. aThe ainner amembrane acontains athe aenzymes aof athe arespiratory achain aand athese aenzymes aare aessential ato athe aprocess aof aoxidative aphosphorylation athat agenerates amost aof athe acells aATP. Apoptosis a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aProgrammed acell adeath. aCellular aself-destruction afor aelimination aof aunwanted acell apopulations. Necrosis a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aCharacterized aby arapid aloss aof athe aplasma amembrane, aorganelle aswelling aand amitochondrial adysfunction. Hypoxia a- a acorrect aanswer. a a a#1 acause aof acellular ainjury aleading ato anecrosis a(especially ain akidneys aand aheart) Physiologic aAtrophy a- a acorrect aanswer. a a a-occurs awith aearly adevelopment -example: athe athymus agland aundergoes aphysiologic aatrophy aduring achildhood Pathologic aAtrophy a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aoccurs aas aa aresult aof adecreases ain aworkload, apressure, ause, ablood asupply, anutrition, ahormonal astimulation, aand anervous astimulation Hypertrophy a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aincrease ain acell asize Physiologic aHypertrophy a- a acorrect aanswer. a a ahypertrophy aof amyocardial acells asecondary ato aendurance atraining Pathologic aHypertrophy a- a acorrect aanswer. a a ahypertrophy aof amyocardial acells asecondary ato aHTN Hyperplasia a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aincrease ain anumber aof acells Compensatory aHyperplasia a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aliver aregenerates ain a2 aweeks aafter a70% ais aremoved Pathologic aHyperplasia a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aendometrial ahyperplasia Metaplasia a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aReplacement aof acells Example: anormal acolumnar aciliated acells aof athe abronchial alining ahave abeen areplaced aby astratified asquamous aepithelial acells. aCAN aBE aREVERSED aIF aIRRITANT aSTOPS Cellular aMetabolism a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aATP afunctions aas athe aenergy atransferring amolecule a(Very aimportant). Ischemia aeffects aon aATP a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aA areduction ain aATP alevels acauses athe aplamsa amembrane's aNa+/K+ apump aand asodium-calcium aexchange ato afail, awhich aleads ato aan aintracellular aaccumulation aof asodium aand acalcium aand adiffusion aof apotassium aout aof athe acell. aSodium aand awater athen aenter athe acell afreely a- acausing acellular aswelling. Sodium-Potassium aPump a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aThree aNa+ aions abind ato athe asodium-binding asites aon acarrier's ainner aface, aat athe asame atime, aan aenergy-containing aATP amolecule aproduced aby athe amitochondria abinds ato athe acarrier. aThe aATP adissociates, atransferring aits astored aenergy ato athe acarrier aand athe acarrier athen achanges ashape. aThe a3 aNa+ aions aare athen areleased ato athe aoutside aof athe acell aand a2 aK+ aions aare aattracted ato apotassium abinding asites. aThe acarrier areturns ato aits aoriginal ashape aand areleases athe atwo aK+ aions aand aremaining aATP ainside athe acell. Free aRadical a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aAn aelectrically auncharged aatom aor agroup aof aatoms ahaving aan aunpaired aelectron. aTo astabilize, athe afree aradical agives aup aan aelectron ato aanother amolecule aor asteals aone, acausing ainjurious achemical abonds awith aproteins, alipids, acarbohydrates awhich aare akey amolecules ain amembranes aand anucleic aacids. Reactive aOxygen aSpecies a(ROS) a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aROS aplay aa amajor arole ain athe ainitiation aof acardiovascular aalterations aassociated awith ahyperlipidemia, adiabetes, ahypertension, aischemic aheart adisease aand achronic aheart afailure. Cellular aInjury aand aLysosome aLeakage a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aLysosomes acause aenzymatic adigestion aof acellular aorganelles, aincluding athe anucleus aand anucleolus a- ahalting asynthesis aof aDNA aand aRNA Cellular aInjury aand aEthanol a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aLiver aenzymes ametabolize aethanol ainto aacetyldehyde, awhich acauses ahepatic acellular adisfunction. aPeroxisomes ahelp adetoxify aethanol a- aif athey aare anot afunctioning aproperly, athe aethanol ais aturned ato afat a(fatty aliver). Cellular aInjury aand aRadiation a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aIonizing aradiation ais aany aform aof aradiation acapable aof aremoving aorbital aelectrons afrom aatoms, aresulting ain athe aproduction aof anegatively acharged afree aelectrons aand apositively acharged aionized aatoms. aDamages aDNA a- aBAD! Aging aand aCells/Tissues a- a acorrect aanswer. a a a-Muscular aAtrophy a(sarcopenia) a -Increased aperipheral avascular aresistance -Decreased aproduction aof aHCL aand adelayed astomach aemptying -Decreased aimmune aresponse -Total abody apotassium aalso adecreases ad/t adecreased acellular amass -Increased aNa+/K+ aratio asuggests adecreased acellular amass ais aaccompanied aby aan aincreased aextracellular acompartment Aneuploid aCell a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aCell athat adoes anot acontain aa amultiple aof a23 achromosomes Trisomy a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aAn aaneuploid acell athat acontains athree acopies aof aone achromosome Down aSyndrome a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aTrisomy aof athe a21st achromosome -IQ abetween a25-70 -Low anasal abridge, aprotruding atongue, aflat/low-set aears Penetrance a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aA apercentage aof aindividuals awith aa aspecific agenotype awho aalso aexhibit athe aexpected aphenotype. Incomplete aPenetrance a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aAn aindividual awho ahas aa adisease acausing aallele athat adoes anot aexhibit athe adisease aphenotype abut acan astill atransmit athe aallele aand aassociated adisease ato athe anext ageneration Expressivity a- a acorrect aanswer. a a athe aextent aof avariation ain aphenotype aassociated awith aa aparticular agenotype. aIf athe aexpressivity aof aa adisease ais avariable, athe apenetrance amay abe acomplete abut athe aseverity aof athe adisease acan avary agreatly. Huntington aDisease a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aAn aautosomal adominant acondition aand aits amain afeatures aare aprogressive adementia aand aincreasingly auncontrollable amovements aof athe alimbs. aOne aof athe akey afeatures ais athat asymptoms aare anot ausually aseen auntil aage a40 aor alater a(age-dependent apenetrance). aMost agenetic adiseases aexhibit avariable aexpressivity. Type a1 aNeurofibromatosis a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aExpression acan acary afrom acafe-au-lait aspots a("coffee awith amilk adescribing alight abrown acolor) aon athe askin ato amalignant atumors, ascoliosis, aseizures, agliomas, aHTN, alearning adisabilities a& aneuromas Cystic aFibrosis a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aThe amost acommon alethal aautosomal arecessive adisease ain awhite achildren. aBecause aan aindividual amust abe ahomozygous afor aa arecessive aallele ato aexpress athe adisease, athe acarriers aare aphenotypically anormal. aBecause athe arecessive aalleles aare amaintained ain anormal acarriers, athey aare aable ato asurvive afrom aone ageneration ato athe anext. BRCA1 aand aBRCA2 a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aAn aautosomal adominant aform aof abreast acancer athat aaccounts afor aapproximately a5% aof abreast acancer acases ain aUS. aGenes aresponsible ahave abeen amapped aat achromosomes a17 a(BRCA1) aand a13 a(BRCA2). aWomen awho ainherit aa amutation ain aBRCA a1 aor aBRCA2 ahave aa a50%-80% alifetime arisk aof adeveloping abreast aCA. aWomen awith aan aaffected afirst-degree arelative adevelops adouble athe arisk aof abeing adx awith abreast aCA. Incidence aRate a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aThe anumber aof anew acases aof aa adisease areported aduring aa aspecific aperiod a(typically a1 ayear) adivided aby athe anumber aof aindividuals ain athe apopulation. Relative aRisk a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aCommon ameasure aof athe aeffect aof aa arisk afactor. aExpressed aas aa aratio aof athe aincidence arate aof athe adisease aamong aindividuals aexposed ato aa arisk afactor adivided aby athe aincidence aof athe adisease aamong aindividuals anot aexposed ato aa arisk afactor. Diabetes aMellitus atype a1 a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aType a1 aDM, awhich ais acharacterized aby aT-cell ainfiltration aof athe apancreas aand adestruction aof athe ainsulin-producing abeta acells. aIn aaddition ato aT-cell ainfiltration aof athe apancreas, aautoantibodies aare aformed aagainst apancreatic acells; athe alatter acan abe aobserved along abefore aclinical asymptoms aoccur. Genetic aProcess a- a acorrect aanswer. a a a-Epigenetics abridges aDNA ainformation aand afunction aby amodifying agene aexpression awithout aaltering aDNA asequence -Epigenetic amodification acan acause aindividuals awith athe asame aDNA a(identical atwins) ato ahave adifferent adisease aprofiles-for aexample aasthma ain aonly aone atwin -As atwins aage, athey ademonstrate aincreasing adifferences ain amethylation apatterns aof atheir aDNA asequences, acausing aincreasing anumbers aof aphenotypic adifferences. -Environmental afactors, asuch aas adiet aand aexposure ato acertain achemicals amay acause aepigenetic amodification -Unlike aDNA asequence amutations, awhich acannot abe adirectly aaltered, aepigenetic amodifications acan abe areversed a(e.g. a5-azacytidin) Hypermethylation a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aSeen ain amiRNA agenes athat abind ato athe aends aof amRNAs, adegrading athem aand apreventing atheir atranslation. aWhen amiRNA agenes aare amethylated, atheir amRNA atargets aare aover-expressed aand athis aover-expression ahas abeen aassociated awith ametastasis. Dehydration a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aMarked awater adeficit ais amanifested aby aS/S adehydration: aheadache, athirst, adry askin aand amucous amembranes, aelevated atemperature, aweight aloss, aand adecreased aor aconcentrated aurine. aSkin aturgor amay abe anormal aor adecreased. Dehydration aassociated awith ahypovolemia a- a acorrect aanswer. a a atachycardia, aweak apulses, adizziness aand ahypotension Thirst a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aOsmoreceptors aare aactivated aby aan aincrease ain aosmotic apressure aof athe aplasma a- acausing athirst Vulnerable aPopulations ato aFVD a- a acorrect aanswer. a a ainfants: a75-80% aTBW obese: afat ais awater arepelling elderly: adiminished athirst asensation What ahappens awhen acapillary ahydrostatic apressure ais ahigher athan acapillary aoncotic apressure? a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aAt athe aarterial aend aof athe acapillaries, afluid amoves afrom athe aintravascular aspace ainto athe ainterstitial aspace. low aplasma aalbumin a- a acorrect aanswer. a a acauses aedema aas aa aresult aof areduction ain aplasma aoncotic apressure Natriuretic aPeptides a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aNatriuretic apeptides aare ahormones athat ainclude aatrial anatriuretic apeptide a(ANP) aproduced aby athe amyocardial aatria, abrain anatriuretic apeptide a(BNP) aproduced aby athe amyocardial aventricles, aand aurodilantin awithin athe akidney. aNatriuretic apeptides adecrease ablood apressure aand aincrease asodium aand awater aexcretion. a(Antagonist aof athe aRAAS). RAAS a- a acorrect aanswer. a a aRenin aangiotensin aaldosterone asystem. aWhen acirculating ablood avolume aor ablood apressure ais areduced, arenin, aan aenzyme asecreted aby athe ajuxtaglomerular acells aof athe akidney, ais areleased ain aresponse ato asympathetic anerve astimulation aand adecreased aperfusion aof athe arenal avasculature.