Cog Psych test 3 Questions And Detailed Answers.

Describe the Sterberg (1966) task. - correct answer gave participants a line of digits and a probe digit and were asked if the probe digit was in the line of digits given - BKVJ (probe digit is M so the answer is NO) - The only difference in reaction time is the time to scan our short term memory Name and describe the 3 search strategies the Sterberg task tested for. Which strategy was used by the participants? - correct answer -parallel scan: when we scan our short term memory for all digits at once (reaction time would stay flat) -serial self terminating: this is when we scan our memory for the digits but once we get to the probe digit we stop and then answer (UYTRMA: probe digit is R we would go U Y T R and answer yes) (PVNDFG: probe digit is R we would go P V N D F G and then answer NO) -serial exhaustive(most people use this): this is when we scan our memory for the digits but instead of stopping once we find the probe we continue scanning all of the digits and then answering (BKVJ: probe is R we would go B K V J and answer NO) (UYTRMA probe digit is R we would go U Y T R M A and answer YES) Explain the graph on the Hierarchy of Memories. Differentiate between: - correct answer explicit and implicit memories - Explicit memories are things we are aware of - episodic and semantic - Implicit memories are unconscious and effortless -procedural memory, priming, perceptual learning, and classical conditioning What did the Gold (1987) study find? What implications does this have for LTM? - correct answer tested glucose on animals and found that glucose helps strengthen our memory What types of different codes are likely used for LTM? - correct answer - knowledge of our physical laws of properties of objects - spatial model of the world around us (cognitive maps) -motor skills -social goals -values Describe the Bahrick, Bahrick, and Wittlinger (1975) study. - correct answer they brought people back in from a specific high school years later and either showed them a picture and asked if they went to high school with them or showed them the picture and said you DID go to high school with the person what is their name - name matching(recognition): give the name to the person and match to their picture (people were typically better at name matching) -picture matching (recall): show someone a picture of them and asked what their name was Describe the Bahrick (1984) study. - correct answer they brought people in who took high school spanish - we have the sharpest memory drop of 3 years after highschool, these people still retained some usable spanish 50 years later Is there a relationship between grades and Very Long Term Memory? - correct answer People who made better grades in class tended to keep the information in their long term memory. What is autobiographical memory? - correct answer This is memory of events that have happened to you EX. how you remember your 12th birthday Compare and contrast Episodic and Semantic memory. Give examples. - correct answer -Episodic memories are memories specific to the individual - How you remember a specific event - Semantic memories are general knowledge - How the color blue looks or how to spell watermelon Define Metacognition - correct answer this is our awareness and knowledge of our cognitive systems - how we think about things and our ability to not think about things Define Metamemory - correct answer the this our awareness and knowledge of our memory system - most people have found ways to enhance their memories Describe the Craik and Lockhart (1972) study. Be sure to explain the differences between Maintenance Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal. - correct answer they said there are different ways for people to process information (specifically rehearsing it) - maintenance rehearsal is very low level and used to recycle information just long enough to use it - looking at a phone number and remembering it long enough to dial it - elaborative rehearsal is more complex and typically uses meaning in order to remember things Describe the Craik and Tulving (1975) study? - correct answer FIRST PART asked people to rate words based on 3 different conditions 1. Structural (fastest reaction time): is this word in all caps or not (10% recall) 2. Phonemic: does this word rhyme with _____ (15% recall ) 3.Semantic(slowest reaction time): does this question fit into a sentence (25% recall) SECOND PART They asked people "Have you seen this word before" after either telling them a simple sentence with the word or a more complex sentence with the word and they found that people remembered the word more often after being told the complex sentence. Describe the Kapur et al (1994)? - correct answer PET SCAN 1. ask the presence or absence of a letter 2. ask if the word was living or nonliving found that people got more brain activation in the frontal are when being asking the second question, which is thought to control memories In light of the Depth of Processing information, what types of strategies should you use when trying to learn information? - correct answer 1. relating it to concepts you are know 2. rewriting notes but in your own words 3. construct sentences using the words you already know Describe the Rogers, Kuiper, and Kirker (1977) study. - correct answer they added on condition from Craik and Tulving asking people to "does this word describe you?" What is the Self-Reference Effect? - correct answer this is when you ask someone to remember a word after being asked if it describes you or not What is the Narcissistic Trait? - correct answer This trait deal with the self-reference effect because people are more likely to remember a word if they are asked if it describes them. What is a Retrieval Failure? - correct answer this happens when you have the information in your long term memory but are unbale to retrieve it What is the "tip of the tongue phenomenon"? - correct answer This is just a form of retrieval failure when you know you know the information but are unable to pull it out of your LTM unqueued What is the Principle of Encoding Specificity? - correct answer this says that when we encode information we don't just encode the main material but also the associate material as well What is Context Dependent Learni