PYC3703 - SUPERSET 1 Real Exam Questions And Detailed Answers.

artificial intelligence - correct answer A branch of computer science concerned with creating computers that mimic human performance on cognitive tasks. association - correct answer A connection or link between two units or elements. attention - correct answer Cognitive resources, mental effort, or concentration devoted to a cognitive process. behaviorism - correct answer A school of psychology that seeks to define psychological research in terms of observable measures, emphasizing the scientific study of behavior. between-subjects design - correct answer A research paradigm in which different experimental subjects participate in different experimental conditions. brain imaging - correct answer The construction of pictures of the anatomy and functioning of intact brains through such techniques as computerized axial tomography (CAT, or CT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). clinical interview - correct answer A research paradigm in which an investigator begins by asking participants a series of open-ended questions but follows up on the responses with specific questions that have been prepared in advance. cognitive neuropsychology - correct answer A school of psychology that investigates the cognitive abilities and deficits of people with damaged or otherwise unusual brain structures. cognitive revolution - correct answer A movement in psychology that culminated after World War II, characterized by a belief in the empirical accessibility of mental states and events. cognitive science - correct answer An interdisciplinary field drawing on research from cognitive psychology, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, neuroscience, and anthropology. The central issues addressed involve the nature of mind and cognition and how information is acquired, stored, and represented. computer metaphor - correct answer The basis for the information processing view of the brain. Different types of psychological processes are thought to be analogous to the workings of a computer processor. connectionism - correct answer An approach to cognition emphasizing parallel processing of information through immense networks of interconnected nodes. Models developed in the connectionist tradition are sometimes declared to share certain similarities with the way collections of neurons operate in the brain; hence, some connectionist models are referred to as neural networks. controlled observation - correct answer A research paradigm in which an observer standardizes the conditions of observation for all participants, often introducing specific manipulations and recording responses. decision making - correct answer The process(es) by which an individual selects one course of action from among alternatives. ecological approach - correct answer An approach to the study of cognition emphasizing the natural contexts or settings in which cognitive activities occur, and the influences such settings have in the ways in which cognitive activities are acquired, practiced, and executed. ecological validity - correct answer A property of research such that the focus of study is something that occurs naturally outside an experimental laboratory. empiricism - correct answer A philosophical doctrine emphasizing the role of experience in the acquisition of knowledge. experiment - correct answer A test of a scientific theory in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable. experimental control - correct answer A property of research such that the causes of different behaviors or other phenomenon can be isolated and tested. Typically, this involves manipulating independent variables and holding constant all factors but the one(s) of interest. functionalism - correct answer A school of psychology emphasizing questions such as why the mind or a particular cognitive process works the way(s) it does. genetic epistemology - correct answer A Piagetian approach to the study of cognitive development that emphasizes the intellectual structures underlying cognitive experience at different developmental points and the ways in which the structures adapt to environmental experience. Gestalt psychology - correct answer A school of psychology emphasizing the study of whole entities rather than simple elements. Gestalt psychologists concentrate on problems of perception and problem solving and argue that people's cognitive experience is not reducible to their experience of simple elements (for example, sensations) but, rather, to the overall structure(s) of their experience. human factors engineering - correct answer An applied area of research that focuses on the design of equipment and technology that are well suited to people's cognitive capabilities. individual differences - correct answer Stable patterns of performance that differ qualitatively and/or quantitatively across individuals. information processing approach - correct answer An approach to cognition that uses a computer metaphor in its explanations. Information processing equates cognition with the acquisition, storage, and manipulation of information (for example, what we see, hear, read about, think about) through a system consisting of various storage places and systems of exchange. introspection - correct answer A methodological technique in which trained observers are asked to reflect on, and report on, their conscious experience while performing cognitive tasks. knowledge representation - correct answer The mental depiction, storage, and organization of information. language - correct answer A system of communication that is governed by a system of rules (a grammar) and can express an infinite number of propositions. language acquisition - correct answer The process(es) by which a cognitive processor comes to develop linguistic competence and performance. limited-capacity processor - correct answer A system that acquires, stores, manipulates, and/or transmits information but has fixed limits on the amount or rate of processing that it can accomplish. linguistics - correct answer A field of study focusing on the structure, use, and acquisition of language. localization of function - correct answer The "mapping" of brain areas to different cognitive or motor functions; identifying which neural regions control or are active when different activities take place. memory - correct answer The cognitive processes underlying the storage, retention, and retrieval of information. mental representation - correct answer An internal depiction of information. nativism - correct answer A philosophical doctrine emphasizing the role of innate factors in the acquisition of knowledge. naturalistic observation - correct answer A research paradigm in which an observer observes participants in familiar, everyday contexts while ideally remaining as unobtrusive as possible. neural network - correct answer See connectionism. paradigm - correct answer A body of knowledge that selects and highlights certain issues for study. It includes assumptions about how a particular phenomenon ought to be studied and the kinds of experimental methods and measures that are appropriate to use. pattern recognition - correct answer The classification of a stimulus into a category. perception - correct answer The interpretation of sensory information to yield a meaningful description or understanding. person-machine system - correct answer The idea that machinery operated by a person must be designed to interact with the operator's physical, cognitive, and motivational capacities and limitations. problem solving - correct answer The cognitive process(es) used in transforming starting information into a goal state, using specified means of solution. quasi-experiment - correct answer An empirical study that appears to involve some, but incomplete, experimental control—for example, through nonrandom assignment of subjects to conditions. reasoning - correct answer Cognitive process(es) used in transforming given information, called premises, into conclusions. Reasoning is often seen as a special kind of thinking. recall - correct answer The retrieval of information in which the processor must generate most of the information without aids. See also recognition. recognition - correct answer The retrieval of information in which the processor must decide whether the information presented has been previously presented. See also recall. structuralism - correct answer One of the earliest schools of cognitive psychology. It focused on the search for the simplest possible mental elements and the laws governing the ways in which they could be combined. within-subjects design - correct answer A research paradigm in which the same experimental subjects participate in different experimental conditions. amygdale - correct answer An area of brain tissue with extensive connections to the olfactory system and hypothalamus, thought to be involved in mood, feeling, instinct, and short-term memory. anterograde amnesia - correct answer Lack of memory for events that occur after a brain injury. autobiographical memory - correct answer Memory for events and other information from one's own life. context effect - correct answer The effect on a cognitive process (for example, perception) of the information surrounding the target object or event. Sometimes called "expectation effect" because the context is thought to set up certain expectations in the mind of the cognitive processor. cue overload - correct answer A principle of memory that states a retrieval c