Cognitive Psychology Chapter 12 Problem Solving Complete Questions With Detailed Answers.

Analogical encoding - correct answer A technique in which people compare two problems that illustrate a principle. This technique is designed to help people discover similar structural features of cases or problems. (12) Analogical paradox - correct answer People find it difficult to apply analogies in laboratory settings, but routinely use them in real-world settings. (12) Analogy Making - correct answer a comparison in order to show a similarity between two different things. (12) Candle problem - correct answer A problem, first described by Duncker, in which a person is given a number of objects and is given the task of mounting a candle on a wall so it can burn without dripping wax on the floor. This problem was used to study functional fixedness. (12) Creative cognition - correct answer A technique developed by Finke to train people to think creatively. (12) Crowding Animals - correct answer tend to share many properties, such as eyes, legs, and the ability to move. This is relevant to the multiple-factor approach to the representation of concepts in the brain. (9) Divergent thinking - correct answer Thinking that is open-ended, involving a large number of potential solutions. (12) Expert Person - correct answer who, by devoting a large amount of time to learning about a field and practicing and applying that learning, has become acknowledged as being extremely skilled or knowledgeable in that field. (12) Fixation - correct answer In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene. (4) Functional fixedness - correct answer An effect that occurs when the ideas a person has about an object's function inhibit the person's ability to use the object for a different function. See also Fixation (in problem solving). (12) Goal state - correct answer In problem solving, the condition that occurs when a problem has been solved. (12) Group brainstorming - correct answer When people in a problem-solving group are encouraged to express whatever ideas come to mind, without censorship. (12) Initial state - correct answer In problem solving, the conditions at the beginning of a problem. (12) Insight - correct answer Sudden realization of a problem's solution. (12) Intermediate states - correct answer In problem solving, the various conditions that exist along the pathways between the initial and goal states. (12) In vivo problem-solving research - correct answer Observing people to determine how they solve problems in real-world situations. This technique has been used to study the use of analogy in a number of different settings, including laboratory meetings of a university research group and design brainstorming sessions in an industrial research and development department. (12) Latent inhibition (LI) - correct answer Mechanism that results in screening out irrelevant stimuli. (12) Means-end analysis - correct answer A problem-solving strategy that seeks to reduce the difference between the initial and goal states. This is achieved by creating subgoals, intermediate states that are closer to the goal. (12) Mental set - correct answer A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a person's experience or what has worked in the past. (12) Mutilated checkerboard problem - correct answer A problem that has been used to study how the statement of a problem influences a person's ability to reach a solution. (12) Operators - correct answer In problem solving, permissible moves that can be made toward a problem's solution. (12) Preinventive forms - correct answer Objects created in Finke's "creative cognition" experiment that precede the creation of a finished creative product. (12) - correct answer Problem A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle. (12) Problem space - correct answer The initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem. (12) Radiation problem - correct answer A problem posed by Duncker that involves finding a way to destroy a tumor by radiation without damaging other organs in the body. This problem has been widely used to study the role of analogy in problem solving. (12) Restructuring - correct answer The process of changing a problem's representation. According to the Gestalt psychologists, restructuring is the key mechanism of problem solving. (12) Savant syndrome - correct answer Occurs in people with autism or other mental disorders, who can achieve extraordinary feats of memory or may have great artistic talent or mathematical ability. (12) Source problem - correct answer A problem or story that is analogous to the target problem and which therefore provides information that can lead to a solution to the target problem. See also Analogical problem solving; Target problem. (12) Structural features (memory models) - correct answer Types of memory indicated by boxes in models of memory. In the modal model, the types are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. (5) Subgoals - correct answer In the means-end analysis approach to problem solving, intermediate states that move the process of solution closer to the goal. (12) Surface features - correct answer Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features. Contrast with Structural features. (12) Target problem - correct answer A problem to be solved. In analogical problem solving, solution of this problem can become easier when the problem-solver is exposed to an analogous source problem or story. See also Source problem. (12) Think-aloud protocol - correct answer A procedure in which subjects are asked to say out loud what they