Cog. Ch. 5 Practical Questions And Correct Detailed Answers.

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present. - correct answer memory Memory is active any time some _______ experience has an effect on the way you think or behave now or in the future - correct answer past When something is presented briefly, such as a face illuminated by a flash, your perception continues for a fraction of a second in the dark. This brief persistence of the image, which is one of the things that makes it possible to perceive movies, is called - correct answer sensory memory Information that stays in our memory for brief periods, about 10 to 15 seconds if we don't repeat it over and over is - correct answer short-term or working memory is responsible for storing information for long periods of time—which can extend from minutes to a lifetime. - correct answer long-term memory . Long-term memories of experiences from the past, like the picnic, are - correct answer episodic memories The ability to ride a bicycle, or do any of the other things that involve muscle coordination, is a type of long-term memory called - correct answer procedural memory Another type of long-term memory is _____ ______—memories of facts such as an address or a birthday or the names of different objects ("that's a bicycle"). - correct answer semantic memory this is important when we go to the movies (more on that soon), but the main reason for discussing ______ _____ is to demonstrate an ingenious procedure for measuring how much information we can take in immediately, and how much of that information remains half a second later. - correct answer sensory memory Everything you know or think about at each moment in time is - correct answer short-term memory short-term memory may be short in duration, but it looms large in _______ - correct answer importance We begin our description of sensory and short-term memory by describing an early and influential model of memory called the ______ _______, which places sensory and short-term memory at the beginning of the process of memory. - correct answer modal model Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968 proposed which model of memory? - correct answer modal model of memory what did the modal model of memory propose? - correct answer sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory is an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second. - correct answer sensory memory holds five to seven items for about 15 to 20 seconds. - correct answer short-term memory (STM) an hold a large amount of information for years or even decades. - correct answer long-term memory (LTM) sensory, short-term, and long-term memory are called the ______ _____ of the modal model - correct answer structural features Atkinson and Shiffrin also proposed ______ _____, which are dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another. - correct answer control processes An example of a control process that operates on short-term memory is _______—repeating a stimulus over and over, as you might repeat a telephone number in order to hold it in your mind after looking it up on the Internet. - correct answer rehearsal Other examples of control processes are (1) strategies you might use to help make a stimulus more _________, such as relating the digits in a phone number to a familiar date in history, and (2) strategies of attention that help you ______ on information that is particularly important or interesting. - correct answer memorable focus is the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation. - correct answer sensory memory It is dark out on the Fourth of July, and you put a match to the tip of a sparkler. As sparks begin radiating from the tip, you sweep the sparkler through the air, creating a trail of light. Although it appears that this trail is created by light left by the sparkler as you wave it through the air, there is, in fact, no light along this trail. The lighted trail is a creation of your mind, which retains a perception of the sparkler's light for a fraction of a second. This retention of the perception of light in your mind is called the - correct answer persistence of vision is the continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present. This persistence lasts for only a fraction of a second, so it isn't obvious in everyday experience when objects are present for long periods. it is noticeable for brief stimuli, like the moving sparkler or rapidly flashed pictures in a movie theater. - correct answer persistence of vision George Sperling (1960) wondered how much ______ people can take in from briefly presented stimuli. - correct answer information Sperling's experiment flashed an array of letters on the screen for 50 milliseconds (50/1000 second) and asked his participants to report as many of the letters as possible. This part of the experiment used the _____ _____ _____ that is, participants were asked to report as many letters as possible from the entire 12-letter display. - correct answer whole report method how many letters were people on average able to report from Sperling's experiment - correct answer 4.5 out of 12 Participants saw the 12-letter display for 50 ms, as before, but immediately after it was flashed, they heard a tone that told them which row of the matrix to report. A high-pitched tone indicated the top row; a medium-pitch indicated the middle row; and a low-pitch indicated the bottom row - correct answer partial report method Because the tones were presented immediately after the letters were turned off, the participant's attention was directed not to the actual letters, which were no longer present, but to whatever trace remained in the participant's _______ after the letters were turned off. When the participants focused their attention on one of the rows, they correctly reported an average of about_____of the 4 letters (82 percent) in that row. - correct answer mind 3.3 Sperling concluded that immediately after the 12-letter display was presented, participants saw an average of ______ percent of all of the letters but were not able to report all of these letters because they rapidly ______ as the initial letters were being reported. - correct answer 82 faded Sperling then did an additional experiment to determine the time course of this fading. For this experiment, Sperling devised a ______ ______ _____ _____in which the letters were flashed on and off and then the cue tone was presented after a short delay - correct answer delayed partial report method The result of the delayed partial report experiments was that when the cue tones were delayed for 1 second after the flash, participants were able to report only slightly more than 1 letter in a row. This is ______. then over the next second, this ______ - correct answer sensory memory fades Sperling concluded from these results that a short-lived sensory memory registers all or most of the information that hits our visual receptors, but that this information ______within less than a second. - correct answer decays This brief sensory memory for visual stimuli, called _____ ______ or the_____ ____, corresponds to the sensory memory stage of Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model. - correct answer iconic memory, visual icon Other research using auditory stimuli has shown that sounds also persist in the mind. This persistence of sound, called ____ _____, lasts for a few seconds after presentation of the original stimulus - correct answer echoic memory An example of _____ memory is when you hear someone say something, but you don't understand at first and say "What?" But even before the person can repeat what was said, you "hear" it in your mind - correct answer echoic We saw in the preceding section that although