Nr 503 Chamberlain Mid Term Questions With Complete Sulutions.

Nr 503 Chamberlain Mid Term Questions With Complete Sulutions. Epidemiology b- b b b bcorrect bthe bscience bof bpublic bhealth Population bHealth b- b b b bcorrect es bon brisk, bdata, bdemographics, band boutcomes. Outcomes b- b b b bcorrect bthe bend bresult bthat bfollows ban bintervention aggregate b- b b b bcorrect ba bdefined bpopulation. community b- b b b bcorrect bcomposed bof bmultiple baggregates data b- b b b bcorrect bcomplied binformation Prevalence b- b b b bcorrect res bthe bexistence bof ba bdisease. bMeasures bthe bnumber bof ball bcases bof ba bdisease bor battribute bin ba bpopulation bat ba bgiven btime Incidence b- b b b bcorrect res bthe bappearance bof ba bdisease. bMeasures bthe boccurrence bof bnew bevents bin ba bpopulation bover ba bperiod bof btime. surveillance b- b b b bcorrect bthe bcollection, banalysis, band bdissemination bof bdata. high-risk b- b b b bcorrect ban bincreased bchance bof bpoor bhealth boutcome. Morbidity b- b b b bcorrect bthe bpresence bof billness bin ba bpopulation mortality b- b b b bcorrect brelated bto bthe btracking bdeaths bin ban baggregate vital bstatistics b- b b b bcorrect stics bon blive bbirths, bdeaths, bfetal bdeaths, bmarriages band bdivorces. cases b- b b b bcorrect bof bcriteria bused bin bmaking ba bdecision bas bto bwhether ban bindividual bhas ba bdisease bor bhealth bevent bof binterest Social bJustice b- b b b bcorrect bview bthat beveryone bdeserves bequal brights band bopportunities b—this bincludes bthe bright bto bgood bhealth Inter-professional bcollaboration b- b b b bcorrect banswer.The bidea bof bsharing band bimplies bcollective baction boriented btoward ba bcommon bgoal, bin bthis bcase, bimproving bthe bquality band bsafety bof bpatient bcare. bIt binvolves bresponsibility, baccountability, bcoordination, bcommunication, bcooperation, bassertiveness, bmutual brespect, band bautonomy. Healthy bPeople b2020 b- b b b bcorrect bto breach bfour boverarching bgoals: b1.Attain bhigh-quality, blonger blives bfree bof bpreventable bdisease, bdisability, binjury, band bpremature bdeath, b2. bAchieve bhealth bequity, beliminate bdisparities, band bimprove bthe bhealth bof ball bgroups b3.Create bsocial band bphysical benvironments bthat bpromote bgood bhealth bfor ball. b4. bPromote bquality bof blife, bhealthy bdevelopment, band bhealthy bbehaviors bacross ball blife bstages. Determinants bof bcare/health b- b b b bcorrect banswer.The brange bof bpersonal, bsocial, beconomic, band benvironmental bfactors bthat binfluence bhealth bstatus bare bknown b... risk banalysis b- b b b bcorrect bcharacterization bof bthe bpotential badverse bhealth beffects bof bhuman bexposures bto benvironmental bhazards health bdisparities b- b b b bcorrect bdifference bin bhealth bstatuses bbetween bvarious bgroups b(populations). Sensitivity b- b b b bcorrect res bthe bproportion bof bactual bpositives bthat bare bcorrectly bidentified bas bsuch b(e.g., bthe bpercentage bof bsick bpeople bwho bare bcorrectly bidentified bas bhaving bthe bcondition) Specificity b- b b b bcorrect banswer.(also bcalled bthe btrue bnegative brate) bmeasures bthe bproportion bof bactual bnegatives bthat bare bcorrectly bidentified bas bsuch b(e.g., bthe bpercentage bof bhealthy bpeople bwho bare bcorrectly bidentified bas bnot bhaving bthe bcondition) Positive bpredictive bvalue b- b b b bcorrect bthe bprobability bthat bsubjects bwith ba bpositive bscreening btest btruly bhave bthe bdisease epidemiological btriangle b- b b b bcorrect banswer.1. bA btraditional bmodel bof binfectious bdisease bcausation, bknown bas bthe bEpidemiologic bTriad bis bdepicted bin bFigure b2. bThe btriad bconsists bof ban bexternal bagent, ba bhost band ban benvironment bin bwhich bhost band bagent bare bbrought btogether, bcausing bthe bdisease bto boccur bin bthe bhost. confounding bvariable b- b b b bcorrect ban b"extra" bvariable bthat byou bdidn't baccount bfor. bThey bcan bruin ban bexperiment band bgive byou buseless bresults. bThey bcan bsuggest bthere bis bcorrelation bwhen bin bfact bthere bisn't. bThey bcan beven bintroduce bbias. bThat's bwhy bit's bimportant bto bknow bwhat bone bis, band bhow bto bavoid bgetting bthem binto byour bexperiment bin bthe bfirst bplace Study bMethods b- b b b bcorrect iptive band banalytic descriptive bstudy b- b b b bcorrect ibes bperson bplace band btime. bProvided bdata bfor bprogram bplanning, bresource bplanning, band bgenerates ba bhypothesis. bTypes binclude bcorrelational bstudies, bcase breports band bstudies, band bcross-sectional bstudies. analytic bstudy b- b b b bcorrect sts bof bobservational band bexperimental. bObservational binclude bcase bcontrol band bcohort. bExperimental bincludes brandom bcontrol btrial b(typically bfor bnew bdrug btesting), bfield btrial b(conducted bon bthose bwho bhave ba bhigh brisk bof bobtained ba bdisease), band bcommunity btrial b(research bis bconducted bon ban bentire bcommunity bor bneighborhood). bTest ba bhypothesis. Rapid bCycle bImprovement b(RCI) b- b b b bcorrect banswer.1. b"quality bimprovement bmethod bthat bidentifies, bimplements band bmeasures bchanges bmade bto bimprove ba bprocess bor ba bsystem." bit bimplies bthat bchanges bare bmade band btested bover bperiods bof bthree bor bmonths bor bless, brather bthan bthe bstandard beight bto btwelve bmonths. bIt bconsists bof bfours bstages: Plan: bIdentify ban bopportunity bto bimprove band bplan ba bchange bor btest bof bhow bsomething bworks. Do: bCarry bout bthe bplan bon ba bsmall bnumber bof bpatients. bThe btest bperiod bmay bbe bas bshort bas bone bday bfor bsmall bPDSA bcycles. Study:Examine bthe bresults. bDid byou bachieve byour bgoals? Act: bUse byour bresults bto bmake ba bdecision, bincorporate bchanges binto byour bworkflow, band bestablish bfuture bquality bimprovement bplans Is bscreening ba btertiary bintervention? bIf byes, bwhy, bif bnot, bwhat bis bit? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.No, bit bis bsecondary. How bdoes ba bprovider bdetermine bthe busefulness, bappropriateness, bof ba bscreening btest? bWhere bwould band bNP blook bto bfind ba bscreening btest? bWhat bdetermines bif ba bscreening btest bshould bbe bused? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.Determining bwhether ba bscreening btest bis bappropriate brequires bthe bAPRN bto baddress bseveral baspects bof bthe bdisease bof binterest. bThe btarget bpopulation bneeds bto bbe bidentifiable. bThere bshould bbe benough bpeople bto bmake bthe bstudy bcost beffective. bThe bpreclinical bperiod bshould bbe bproficient bto ballow btreatment bbefore bsymptoms bappear bso bthat bearly bdiagnosis band btreatment bmake ba bdifference bin bterms bof boutcomes. bThe bNP bcould blook bat bthe bU.S. bPreventative bServices bTask bForce, bAgency bfor bHealthcare bResearch band bQuality, band bSAMHSA-HRSA bto bfind ba bscreening btest. bSensitivity band bspecificity bmeasure bthe bvalidity bof ba btest. bSensitivity bis bthe bnumber bidentified/ bthe bnumber baffected. bSpecificity bis bthe bnumber bidentified bin bthe bscreening bof bnot bhaving bthe bdisease/ bthe bactual bnumber bwho bdo bnot bhave bthe bdisease. Can byou bexplain bwhat b"descriptive bepidemiology" bmeans? bWhat bis bthe bpurpose? bHow bis bit bused? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.It bcovers btime bplace band bperson. First, bby blooking bat bthe bdata bcarefully, bthe bepidemiologist bbecomes bvery bfamiliar bwith bthe bdata. bHe bor bshe bcan bsee bwhat bthe bdata bcan bor bcannot breveal bbased bon bthe bvariables bavailable, bits blimitations b(for bexample, bthe bnumber bof brecords bwith bmissing binformation bfor beach bimportant bvariable), band bits beccentricities b(for bexample, ball bcases brange bin bage bfrom b2 bmonths bto b6 byears, bplus bone b17-year-old.). Second, bthe bepidemiologist blearns bthe bextent band bpattern bof bthe bpublic bhealth bproblem bbeing binvestigated b— bwhich bmonths, bwhich bneighborhoods, band bwhich bgroups bof bpeople bhave bthe bmost band bleast bcases. Third, bthe bepidemiologist bcreates ba bdetailed bdescription bof bthe bhealth bof ba bpopulation bthat bcan bbe beasily bcommunicated bwith btables, bgraphs, band bmaps. Fourth, bthe bepidemiologist bcan bidentify bareas bor bgroups bwithin bthe bpopulation bthat bhave bhigh brates bof bdisease. bThis binformation bin bturn bprovides bimportant bclues bto bthe bcauses bof bthe bdisease, band bthese bclues bcan bbe bturned binto btestable bhypotheses. How bare bcausation band bdescriptive bepidemiology brelated, bhow bdo bthey bwork btogether bto baid bevidence-based bcare? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.______________- bhelps blook bat bthe bcause bof bthe bissue bor bdisease bprocess. b________ b________ bfocuses bon bthe bperson, bplace, band btime. bAn bexample bof bhow bthey bare bintertwined bmight bbe ba bperson bwho bwas bsick bfrom bE. bColi. bThe bphysician bmight blook bat bwhat bthe bindividual bate bto bdetermine bwhat bmade bthem bsick. bFor binstance, bthey bmay bhave bdecided bto beat bfrom bthe bsalad bbar bat ba blocal brestaurant. What bdoes b"causation" bmean? bCan byou brelate bcausation bto bprimary, bsecondary band btertiary binterventions? b- b b b bcorrect ban bincrease bin ba bcasual bfactor bor bexposure bcauses ban bincrease bin bthe boutcome bof binterest b(disease). bIt bis brelated bto bprimary bintervention bcould bbe bthe buse bof bflu bvaccines byearly bto bprevent bthe bflu bfrom bcausing ban billness. bA bsecondary bintervention bwould bbe bto btest bfor bthe binfluenza bvirus bin ba bpatient. bA btertiary bintervention bwould bbe bgiving bTamiflu bto ba bflu bpositive bpatient. bSince bwe bknow bthat bthe binfluenza bvirus bcauses bthe bflu bwhen bcan bhelp bto bperform bactions bagainst bit. Are byou bable bto bdiscuss b"surveillance" band bits brelationship bto b"causation"? b- b b b bcorrect bthe bongoing bsystematic bcollection, banalysis, band binterpretation bof bhealth bdata bessential bto bthe bplanning, bimplementation, band bevaluation bof bpublic bhealth bpractice bclosely bintegrated bwith bthe btimely bdissemination bof bthese bdata bto bthose bwho bneed bto bknow. bPassive bsurveillance binvolves busing bdata bto blook bat breportable bdiseases bwhile bactive binvolves busing bindividuals bsuch bas bproject bstaff binterviewing bphysicians babout bcases. bUsing bsurveillance bcan bhelp bidentify bthe bcausation bof bdiseases bparticularly bin ba bspecific bpopulation. What bis bthe bcase-control bstudy band bhow bdoes bit bdiffer b(or bhow bis bit bthe bsame) bas bthe bcohort bstudy bdesign? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.The bcohort bstudy bdesign bidentifies ba bpeople bexposed bto ba bparticular bfactor band ba bcomparison bgroup bthat bwas bnot bexposed bto bthat bfactor band bmeasures band bcompares bthe bincidence bof bdisease bin bthe btwo bgroups. bA bhigher bincidence bof bdisease bin bthe bexposed bgroup bsuggests ban bassociation bbetween bthat bfactor band bthe bdisease boutcome. bThis bstudy bdesign bis bgenerally ba bgood bchoice bwhen bdealing bwith ban boutbreak bin ba brelatively bsmall, bwell-defined bsource bpopulation, bparticularly bif bthe bdisease bbeing bstudied bwas bfairly bfrequent. The bcase-control bdesign buses ba bdifferent bsampling bstrategy bin bwhich bthe binvestigators bidentify ba bgroup bof bindividuals bwho bhad bdeveloped bthe bdisease b(the bcases) band ba bcomparison bof bindividuals bwho bdid bnot bhave bthe bdisease bof binterest. bThe bcases band bcontrols bare bthen bcompared bwith brespect bto bthe bfrequency bof bone bor bmore bpast bexposures. bIf bthe bcases bhave ba bsubstantially bhigher bodds bof bexposure bto ba bparticular bfactor bcompared bto bthe bcontrol bsubjects, bit bsuggests ban bassociation. bThis bstrategy bis ba bbetter bchoice bwhen bthe bsource bpopulation bis blarge band bill-defined, band bit bis bparticularly buseful bwhen bthe bdisease boutcome bwas buncommon. bExamples bof btwo breal boutbreaks bwill bbe bused bto billustrate bthese bdifferences bin bsampling bstrategy. Can byou btalk babout bthe bways bbias bshows bup bin ba bstudy bdesign b(such bas, bselection bbias) betc? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.Selection bbias boccurs bwhen bsubjects bin ba bsample bare bnot brepresentative bof bthe bpopulation bof binterest. bFor bexample, bselecting bonly bmales bfor ba bstudy bis bnot brepresentative bof bthe bwhole bpopulation. bInformational bbias bcan boccur bwhen binformation bis bnot bcomplete bor bmay bbe binaccurate. bFor bexample, bblood bpressure breading btaken bfrom bcuffs bthat bare btoo bsmall. What bis bdifferent bin ba brandomized bcontrol btrial bthan, bfor binstance, ba bcase-control bstudy b(or ba bcohort bstudy)? bWhat bdoes bit bmean bto bshow ba bcausal brelationship? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.___________ bstudies bare bstudies bin bwhich bpatients bwho balready bhave ba bspecific bcondition bare bcompared bwith bpeople bwho bdo bnot bhave bthe bcondition. bThe bresearcher blooks bback bto bidentify bfactors bor bexposures bthat bmight bbe bassociated bwith bthe billness. bThey boften brely bon bmedical brecords band bpatient brecall bfor bdata bcollection. bThese btypes bof bstudies bare boften bless breliable bthan brandomized bcontrolled btrials band bcohort bstudies bbecause bshowing ba bstatistical brelationship bdoes bnot bmean bthan bone bfactor bnecessarily bcaused bthe bother. _________ bare bcarefully bplanned bexperiments bthat bintroduce ba btreatment bor bexposure bto bstudy bits beffect bon breal bpatients. bThey binclude bmethodologies bthat breduce bthe bpotential bfor bbias b(randomization band bblinding) band bthat ballow bfor bcomparison bbetween bintervention bgroups band bcontrol b(no bintervention) bgroups. bA brandomized bcontrolled btrial bis ba bplanned bexperiment band bcan bprovide bsound bevidence bof bcause band beffect. A bcause brelationship bmeans bthat ba bcause bis blinked bto bthe beffect. bSuch bas bsmoking bcauses bincreased bblood bpressure band bthe beffects bof bincreased bblood bpressure bis bheart bdisease. What bis beach btype bof bstudy bused bfor, bits bpurpose, band bits boutcomes? bHow bare bthe boutcomes bdifferent bin beach bstudy bdesign? bMeasured? b- b b b bcorrect banswer.Case bcontrol bstudies bare bstudies bin bwhich bpatients bwho balready bhave ba bspecific bcondition bare bcompared bwith bpeople bwho bdo bnot bhave bthe bcondition. bThe bresearcher blooks bback bto bidentify bfactors bor bexposures bthat bmight bbe bassociated bwith bthe billness. bThey boften brely bon bmedical brecords band bpatient brecall bfor bdata bcollection. bThese btypes bof bstudies bare boften bless breliable bthan brandomized bcontrolled btrials band bcohort bstudies bbecause bshowing ba bstatistical brelationship bdoes bnot bmean bthan bone bfactor bnecessarily bcaused bthe bother. Cohort bstudies bidentify ba bgroup bof bpatients bwho bare balready btaking ba bparticular btreatment bor bhave ban bexposure, bfollow bthem bforward bover btime, band bthen bcompare btheir boutcomes bwith ba bsimilar bgroup bthat bhas bnot bbeen baffected bby bthe btreatment bor bexposure bbeing bstudied. bCohort bstudies bare bobservational band bnot bas breliable bas brandomized bcontrolled bstudies, bsince bthe btwo bgroups bmay bdiffer bin bways bother bthan bin bthe bvariable bunder bstudy.