COMPUTER SYSTEM ● Accuracy of Calculation - can perform
- Defined as a digital electronic machine millions of complex calculations and take
programmed to perform tasks. the logical decisions as per the program
- Consist of both hardware (physical) and instructions with remarkable accuracy.
software (non-tangible) components ● Versatility - can be used for many
- can be programmed to accept some applications.
inputs in terms of data, then process ● Diligence - can work without any break.
this data as per the program instructions ● Memory - has both short term and long
and provide output in the desired format. term memory.
Computer Program ● Program Dependence - needs a set of
- also called Software instructions called a program.
- consist of a set of instructions that directs ● Reliability - perform multiple tasks
the computer system hardware without any mistake with the lightning
components to perform the desired speed.
operations.
❖ Program Compilation - high level ALGORITHM, PSEUDOCODE,
programs converted into low level PROGRAMS, and FLOWCHARTS
(machine code) machine instructions in Algorithm
the binary. - A step-by-step procedure for solving
User→Input→Application a computational problem. It is a
Software→Operating System→Output process or set of rules to be followed
Features of the Computer System in calculations or other
● Computer System is Programmable problem-solving operations.
- Perform the task only as per the program Program
instructions. - A step-by-step machine instruction
❖ GIGO - Garbage In, Garbage Out used for solving any problem of a
● Computer Accepts Raw Data and computational task.
Produces Information Pseudocode→Algorithm→Program
- process raw data and produce the Algorithms are written through Pseudocode
information that can be used that can be shown in a Flowchart to come
❖ Information - processed data up with a Program.
● Computer System is a Digital Machine Pseudocode
- can understand and execute instructions - an artificial and informal language
in binary. The binary code is also referred that helps programmers in
to as machine code or machine developing algorithms. It is basically
language. a "text-based" detail (algorithm)
❖ Computer Processing Unit (CPU) - the design tool.
brain of the computer system that is Flowchart
responsible to perform both arithmetic - used for showing the flow of control
and logical operations. in a program and the sequence of
steps involved in a hierarchical
Characteristics of Computer System manner. It is basically a
● Automatic Working - programmed to diagrammatic representation of an
perform some task can continue without algorithm, workflow, or process.
any human intervention. Elements of Flowchart
● Operating Speed - armed with the latest ● Terminal - oval symbol that
microprocessor that can execute billions indicates Start, Stop, and Halt. It is
of instructions within a fraction of a the first and the last symbol in the
second. flowchart.
,● Input/Output - a parallelogram INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
symbol that denotes any function of AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
input/output type. Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
● Processing - a box symbol that - A systematic way of developing
represents arithmetic instructions. quality software. It provides an
● Decision - diamond-shaped symbol organized plan for breaking down
that represents a decision point. the task of program development
● Flow Lines - indicate the exact into manageable chunks, each of
sequence in which instructions are which must be successfully
executed. completed before moving on to the
next phase.
CONTROL STRUCTURES Steps
- the building blocks of computer ● Defining - define the problem
programs. ● Designing - focusing on the main
- commands that enable a program to goal and then breaking the program
"take decisions", following one path into manageable components.
or another. Structure Charts - also called
- a program that is usually not limited Hierarchy Chart, that shows
to a linear sequence of instructions. top-down design of a program. The
- the blocks that analyze variables top module is called the Main
and choose directions in which to go module or Control module.
based on given parameters. ● Coding - translating an algorithm
into a specific programming
Basic Control Structures language.
● Conditionals (Selection) Structure Programming - the
- used to execute one or more technique using only well defined
statements if a condition is met. control structures.
- very core of programming ● Testing and Debugging - after
● If Statements - execute one removal of syntax errors, the
or more statements when a program will execute. We must find
condition is met. and correct the logical errors by
● If-Else Statements - allows carefully examining the program
a program to follow output using Test data.
alternative paths of Logical error - a mistake that the
execution, whether a programmer made while designing
condition is met or not. the solution to a problem.
● Loops (Iteration) Bugs - the term used to describe
- to repeat a statement a certain syntax and logical error collectively.
number of times or while a condition Debugging - the process of
is fulfilled. identifying errors and eliminating
● For Loops - execute for a them.
prescribed number of times, ● Documenting - writing a manual
as controlled by a counter or that provides an overview of the
an index. The number of program’s functionality, tutorials for
iterations is fixed and known the beginner, in-depth explanations
in advance. of major program features, reference
● While Loops and Repeat documentation of all program
Loops - based on the onset commands and a thorough
and verification of a logical description of the error messages
condition. generated by the program.
, ● Deploying and Maintaining - the 1964 : BASIC
program is deployed (installed) and - Stands for Beginners All-purpose
kept under watch. In software Symbolic Instruction Code
maintenance, the programming team - In 1991, Microsoft released Visual
fixes program errors and updates Basic, an update of BASIC
the software. 1972 : C
- A general-purpose, procedural
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING programming language and the most
LANGUAGES popular programming language till
Programming Languages now.
- The fundamental unit of today's tech - Can be used in implementing an
world. operating system, embedded
- The set of commands and system, and also on the website
instructions that we give to the using the Common Gateway
machines to perform a particular Interface (CGI)
task. - mother of almost all higher-level
1883 programming languages.
- Charles Babbage, "the father of 1972 - SQL
computer”, had made the device 1978 - MATLAB
while Ada Lovelace wrote the 1983 - Objective-C, C++
instructions for the analytical engine 1990 - Haskell
(the first ever computer 1991 - Python
programming language; for 1995 - JAVA, PHP, JavaScript
computing Bernoulli's computer). 2000 - C#
1949 : Assembly Language 2009 - GO
- A type of low-level language 2011 - Kotlin
- Consists of instructions that only 2014 - Swift
machines could understand
- Used to create computer viruses BASIC C# OPERATORS
1952 : Autocode Operators - symbols used to perform
- Developed by Alick Glennie operations on operands.
- The first compiled computer Operands - may be variables and/or
programming language constants.
- COBOL and FORTRAN Type of Operators
1957 : FORTRAN ● Basic Assignment - (=) used to
- Developed by John Backus and IBM assign values to variables.
- Designed for numeric computation ● Arithmetic - (+, -, *, /, %) used to
and scientific computing perform arithmetic operations.
1958 : ALGOL ● Relational - (==, >, <, >=, <=, !=)
- Stands for ALGOrithmic Language used to check the relationship
- First language that implemented the between two operands. It is used in
nested function and has a simple decision making and loops.
syntax than FORTRAN ● Logical - (&&, ||) used to perform
- First programming language to have logical operations such as and, or. It
a code block like "begin" and "end". operates on boolean expressions
1959 : COBOL (true and false) and returns boolean
- Stands for COmmon values.
Business-Oriented Language. ● Unary - (+, -, ++, - -, !)operates on a
- In 1997, 80% of the world's business single operand.
ran on COBOL
GOODLUCK!!!
- Defined as a digital electronic machine millions of complex calculations and take
programmed to perform tasks. the logical decisions as per the program
- Consist of both hardware (physical) and instructions with remarkable accuracy.
software (non-tangible) components ● Versatility - can be used for many
- can be programmed to accept some applications.
inputs in terms of data, then process ● Diligence - can work without any break.
this data as per the program instructions ● Memory - has both short term and long
and provide output in the desired format. term memory.
Computer Program ● Program Dependence - needs a set of
- also called Software instructions called a program.
- consist of a set of instructions that directs ● Reliability - perform multiple tasks
the computer system hardware without any mistake with the lightning
components to perform the desired speed.
operations.
❖ Program Compilation - high level ALGORITHM, PSEUDOCODE,
programs converted into low level PROGRAMS, and FLOWCHARTS
(machine code) machine instructions in Algorithm
the binary. - A step-by-step procedure for solving
User→Input→Application a computational problem. It is a
Software→Operating System→Output process or set of rules to be followed
Features of the Computer System in calculations or other
● Computer System is Programmable problem-solving operations.
- Perform the task only as per the program Program
instructions. - A step-by-step machine instruction
❖ GIGO - Garbage In, Garbage Out used for solving any problem of a
● Computer Accepts Raw Data and computational task.
Produces Information Pseudocode→Algorithm→Program
- process raw data and produce the Algorithms are written through Pseudocode
information that can be used that can be shown in a Flowchart to come
❖ Information - processed data up with a Program.
● Computer System is a Digital Machine Pseudocode
- can understand and execute instructions - an artificial and informal language
in binary. The binary code is also referred that helps programmers in
to as machine code or machine developing algorithms. It is basically
language. a "text-based" detail (algorithm)
❖ Computer Processing Unit (CPU) - the design tool.
brain of the computer system that is Flowchart
responsible to perform both arithmetic - used for showing the flow of control
and logical operations. in a program and the sequence of
steps involved in a hierarchical
Characteristics of Computer System manner. It is basically a
● Automatic Working - programmed to diagrammatic representation of an
perform some task can continue without algorithm, workflow, or process.
any human intervention. Elements of Flowchart
● Operating Speed - armed with the latest ● Terminal - oval symbol that
microprocessor that can execute billions indicates Start, Stop, and Halt. It is
of instructions within a fraction of a the first and the last symbol in the
second. flowchart.
,● Input/Output - a parallelogram INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
symbol that denotes any function of AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
input/output type. Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
● Processing - a box symbol that - A systematic way of developing
represents arithmetic instructions. quality software. It provides an
● Decision - diamond-shaped symbol organized plan for breaking down
that represents a decision point. the task of program development
● Flow Lines - indicate the exact into manageable chunks, each of
sequence in which instructions are which must be successfully
executed. completed before moving on to the
next phase.
CONTROL STRUCTURES Steps
- the building blocks of computer ● Defining - define the problem
programs. ● Designing - focusing on the main
- commands that enable a program to goal and then breaking the program
"take decisions", following one path into manageable components.
or another. Structure Charts - also called
- a program that is usually not limited Hierarchy Chart, that shows
to a linear sequence of instructions. top-down design of a program. The
- the blocks that analyze variables top module is called the Main
and choose directions in which to go module or Control module.
based on given parameters. ● Coding - translating an algorithm
into a specific programming
Basic Control Structures language.
● Conditionals (Selection) Structure Programming - the
- used to execute one or more technique using only well defined
statements if a condition is met. control structures.
- very core of programming ● Testing and Debugging - after
● If Statements - execute one removal of syntax errors, the
or more statements when a program will execute. We must find
condition is met. and correct the logical errors by
● If-Else Statements - allows carefully examining the program
a program to follow output using Test data.
alternative paths of Logical error - a mistake that the
execution, whether a programmer made while designing
condition is met or not. the solution to a problem.
● Loops (Iteration) Bugs - the term used to describe
- to repeat a statement a certain syntax and logical error collectively.
number of times or while a condition Debugging - the process of
is fulfilled. identifying errors and eliminating
● For Loops - execute for a them.
prescribed number of times, ● Documenting - writing a manual
as controlled by a counter or that provides an overview of the
an index. The number of program’s functionality, tutorials for
iterations is fixed and known the beginner, in-depth explanations
in advance. of major program features, reference
● While Loops and Repeat documentation of all program
Loops - based on the onset commands and a thorough
and verification of a logical description of the error messages
condition. generated by the program.
, ● Deploying and Maintaining - the 1964 : BASIC
program is deployed (installed) and - Stands for Beginners All-purpose
kept under watch. In software Symbolic Instruction Code
maintenance, the programming team - In 1991, Microsoft released Visual
fixes program errors and updates Basic, an update of BASIC
the software. 1972 : C
- A general-purpose, procedural
EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING programming language and the most
LANGUAGES popular programming language till
Programming Languages now.
- The fundamental unit of today's tech - Can be used in implementing an
world. operating system, embedded
- The set of commands and system, and also on the website
instructions that we give to the using the Common Gateway
machines to perform a particular Interface (CGI)
task. - mother of almost all higher-level
1883 programming languages.
- Charles Babbage, "the father of 1972 - SQL
computer”, had made the device 1978 - MATLAB
while Ada Lovelace wrote the 1983 - Objective-C, C++
instructions for the analytical engine 1990 - Haskell
(the first ever computer 1991 - Python
programming language; for 1995 - JAVA, PHP, JavaScript
computing Bernoulli's computer). 2000 - C#
1949 : Assembly Language 2009 - GO
- A type of low-level language 2011 - Kotlin
- Consists of instructions that only 2014 - Swift
machines could understand
- Used to create computer viruses BASIC C# OPERATORS
1952 : Autocode Operators - symbols used to perform
- Developed by Alick Glennie operations on operands.
- The first compiled computer Operands - may be variables and/or
programming language constants.
- COBOL and FORTRAN Type of Operators
1957 : FORTRAN ● Basic Assignment - (=) used to
- Developed by John Backus and IBM assign values to variables.
- Designed for numeric computation ● Arithmetic - (+, -, *, /, %) used to
and scientific computing perform arithmetic operations.
1958 : ALGOL ● Relational - (==, >, <, >=, <=, !=)
- Stands for ALGOrithmic Language used to check the relationship
- First language that implemented the between two operands. It is used in
nested function and has a simple decision making and loops.
syntax than FORTRAN ● Logical - (&&, ||) used to perform
- First programming language to have logical operations such as and, or. It
a code block like "begin" and "end". operates on boolean expressions
1959 : COBOL (true and false) and returns boolean
- Stands for COmmon values.
Business-Oriented Language. ● Unary - (+, -, ++, - -, !)operates on a
- In 1997, 80% of the world's business single operand.
ran on COBOL
GOODLUCK!!!
